Futurist Speaker Gerd Leonhard at Trendsummit Veghel '19: Future of Food

Wow, what a nice talk. Guten Morge. Hello everyone. So I'm going to speak in English. If you have trouble with that, use the headsets. I lived in America for 17 years and in the US, if you speak slowly on stage, people leave because they want you to go stuff quickly. So I'm a futurist. I've been doing this roughly for 20 years, just to explain shortly what that means. I don't predict the future, I observe the future. Basically, I look at the next five to seven years and try to figure out how we can incorporate what we see in the future into today. And the topic today is really a dear topic to me. The topic of food and a healthy future. I'm a hobby cook. I love to cook every day when I'm at home, if I'm at home. I traveled too much for that. But I have a strong connection to food. So I want to get started with this and dive right in. The first one is a really important slide. The last three years, everywhere I speak, I get feedback from people saying that the future is probably going to be bad. It's really interesting. It varies largely by country. Like in Holland, not as bad, for example, also not in Switzerland, but Germany, US People saying, well, the future will be bad because first climate change. Not the Americans, but us, right? Say climate change is bad. The machines are coming, the robots are coming, AI is coming, and they will take our work first and then they will kill us. So 2050, game over. And exponential change. This is the key American phrase that you hear everywhere. Everything has to be exponential. But of course, the most important thing is exponential profitability, not just exponential gain. So lots of people are worried about the future. But as Hans already said, I think the future is better than we think. If you look at the facts. Decline of poverty. Just quick here. Life expectancy increasing. Global child mortality decreasing. Declining cost of solar panels, solving energy, declining cost of batteries. Long list, long list, long list. What we hear in media is that we're probably going to do really bad in the future. But if we look at the present, we can already say, well, it's actually getting a lot better. The only problem, of course, is that these problems are not necessarily of technical nature. Technology solves certain kinds of problems, but not others. What has happened in the last 10 years with the Internet? We've solved many problems, like free phone calls, great music, €10 for 21 million songs. That's all been great, but we haven't solved social problems. Inequality, the difference in income and dividing line between the have and have. Nots. I mean, clearly that's going to be something that we have to solve differently. We're moving into fully digital future where it's basically going to be as normal as breathing is to be connected. In 10 years we're going to have from the estimated 10 billion people on the Internet, we're going to have roughly 80% at very high speed, 5G and others. So we're going to have roughly 9 billion people at fast speed connected all the time. Today it's 3.6 and that makes a huge difference. Imagine all those things that we have today that's going to be available globally. So in my book, which I'll show you later, called Technology versus Humanity, this is the key. Chapter number three you can download for free at Megashifts Digital in 10 languages. But it's about this whole change of what's happening, which I used to call the Asians because they all end with Asian. But basically it's not just digitization, it's virtualization. Having things that are in virtual spaces. Disintermediation, like what Amazon has done to E commerce, mobilization, cognification, which is basically things becoming smart. Think about where that's going to go in the next 10 years. Computers will become so smart that we don't even know that they're going to be there. We're just going to speak to a wall and they're going to give us answers. Language, translation, driving cars, flying airplanes, automating work. And many of those things will be amazing because they're going to take basically things that we don't really want to do and they're going to automate them. Like now if you go to the airport at night, the conservig closes at 12. It's not the people that come out to clear the airport, it's the bots. And it's the bots that take your luggage. So the changes that we're going to see are going to be mind blocker here. And that's something you should take a good look at impacting food. I'll talk more about that in detail shortly. But here's a short video on this. Sam, I love this one. This one where the robot comes and does the cleaning or does the cooking. I find this rather strange, you know why? But okay, so this is what's happening. I mean, it could be heaven or it could be hell. Many of those things will say, okay, that's really great. The refrigerator can tell the grocery store that I'm out of milk. That's amazing. If you're Lazy. That's good. But maybe it's also a little bit. Maybe the refrigerator could also lock the door if I'm on the diet. In fact, there is a refrigerator from Samsung that does exactly this and it monitors your toilet too. I'm not going to go into details here, but this is basically a two way monitoring, you could say. So we're moving into a future where everything around us is becoming smart. Everything is connected, everything is being read. The Internet of things. So you just have the transformer, we call it jokingly, and you stick the old business in and out comes the new one. Smart cities, smart homes, smart retail, smart transport, smart food, smart agriculture, maybe even smart government. So that's what technology does. Paperless office, using apps, everything online, that's a good thing. That only works really because we have in the end this in the background. We have a machine that learns patterns, that understands things. Some call it artificial intelligence. I would propose that we forget the word because this is neither artificial. I mean all computers are artificial, right? And it's also not intelligent. Not like us. We're intelligent in a pretty amazing way. But we can't compete with computers on data input. I mean, a computer can look at a real time social media input of 100 trillion feeds and find a pattern. We can't do that. But then can it find a pattern that's not a pattern? Can it understand your message that you're not actually saying? So when you have a conversation with humans, most of the stuff that we transport is actually not said, it's between the lines. We communicate like this, not just in a binary way, like yes, no, yes, no. We also don't live this way like computers do, in a binary way. It's either a zero or it's a one. Humans don't do that. We say, maybe change our mind, maybe we lie, maybe we cheat, maybe it's a 0.4 now and 0.8 tomorrow. And this is how we work. It's called multinary. So in a world like this, where everything is smart, I think it's fantastic because it's efficient. I mean with food and agriculture, that's clearly going to be one of the big solutions. But I think when we think about things like this, the robots are coming everywhere. We say that's also quite good because we used to have 90% of people work in farming around the world. Now it's 2.1 or something like that because we use machines. But on the other hand, I would say riffing off Einstein, everything should be as smart as necessary. But not smarter. In other words, there's a couple things where I'm saying, well, maybe this is a little bit too smart to be human. To fit with us, do we have to put sort of a restrainer on it? We want artificial intelligence to do all the donkey work for us, the paperwork and the routine. But we don't want the AI to decide if somebody's going to stay in jail or if you're going to have children or not. Values, ethics, those are important questions. Technology will not solve our political problems just because we have an AI. Technology will just say, well, so what? These people die. It's efficient. That's not quite how we operate. This is really important for us to keep in mind. Let's talk about food. I'll talk more about meat in a second. 28% of the global pollution CO2 is caused by agriculture, most of that by meat. This meat, not chickens, so much others, but mostly beef. And now we're living in a world where connecting all of the beef. In Switzerland, we now have radio frequency ID chips around the cows. Costs about 100,000 per barn. And then the cows can go and milk themselves because the milking machine comes automatically and finds the target. So now we're connecting everything. But I think it's really quite interesting to see that as far as the future is concerned, it's actually happening in such a way where we say the future really is not an extension of the present. I mean, if you look at everything around us, the future is unlikely to be at all like the present. The music business where I worked for a long time used to be about plastic distribution. Now it's in the cloud. Music is basically free. Yeah, it's €10 for 20 million songs, which is basically free. Car companies today are saying, well, the future of the car is not to have a car, to share the car, to have a subscription to a car. The Spotify for cars is coming. You may have heard Apple is rumored to announce a subscription to Apple products. So you don't own it anymore, you just take whatever you want. And food. The future can't be like it is today. 300 million tons of E40 whatever in our food, huge water problems, agricultural problems, CO2 problems. So what I'm hoping for is this convergence of biology, technology, food and agriculture. You could safely say that biology and technology are converging. The next 10 years will really accelerate this. In 20 years we'll be at the point to where we can actually program animals and humans program in the sense of saying like that genome should not be Active, not in the sense of reprogramming. Right. CRISPR, CAS9, you heard about the operations. And of course, GMOs. Do we want that? Is that actually good? This is a very big discussion, of course, especially when it's about humans. But this convergence is going to be very, very positive for us in the larger sense. For example, in energy, technology can solve all of those problems piece by piece, but then we have to apply some sort of governance to it. I mean, if you're looking at these stats here, consider yourself lucky. You're living in the biggest time of technological transformation in human history. Because all this stuff, I mean, you know, solar energy and battery driven cars existed 50 years ago, AI was tried 30 years ago, but it's actually working today. I mean, look at the boom of things that's coming. Energy storage, all of those things. The next 20 years will bring more change than the previous 300 years. And many people that I speak to saying, well, you know, you lived in California too long with the superlatives and all those kind of things, right? I'm saying, yeah, 300 years ago, industrial revolution, maybe World War II, the atomic bomb. But what's going to happen in the next 20 years is that this, what you use today, this is the extension of our brain, our second brain. This will move here and then here and then here. We're going to be able to change ourselves. I don't think that's a really good idea to change ourselves in such a way, but it's possible. Elon Musk is saying that we should connect our brain to the Internet directly using a bunch of tiny holes in your head. I'm wondering if he's going to be the first to try this. So he says we have to compete with AI, and therefore our brain has to connect to the Internet directly, become a machine, essentially. So in this future, the kids of your kids will live to be an average of 100 years old. They will never know how to drive a car because they can just speak to it. They will definitely not know gas engines, that's us, we love gas engines. They make the sound and everything. Huge shift coming. What does it mean for food, for agriculture, for health? I mean, the sky is the limit. 20 years, that's a long time. Let me show you what I call the game changers. Okay? The game chambers are nine things. You can also find them in my book. There are nine things in here that we need to know. Data, the cloud, the Internet of things, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, the blockchain, 3D printing, virtual reality, and genome editing. I know it's enough to make your head spin because like, oh my God, do I have to know about all these things? So here's a a list for you to pin on your wall. This is the result of the game changes. Data connected everything, cloud, everything, anything can be computed. Now the idea of neuromorphic computing 3D computing is already here. The next step is quantum computing, which means computers that have an average power a million times of my box that's sitting on the table over there. So you can imagine in 10 years you will have unlimited computing power available at your fingertips in the cloud. Unlimited. I'm talking about seriously unlimited. I mean, today, if you use a device to scan your DNA, it takes a week, cost €1,000 in 10 years. I do it on here while I'm having a date. If I were to date takes four seconds and it's free so I can compare my DNA with yours to see if we're going to go on, on the date or not and do other things. Who knows what happens there. So this is the advance of technology. I mean, all of the things are happening at the same time. So consider yourself lucky because it's very empowering, but it's also very scary. So we have to think about how do we react in a world where food currently is not really connected. This is what's going to happen. Everything that we know in technology is going to impact what we do with food and distribution, how we eat, where we eat, what we eat, why we eat. There's only one thing about food, of course, that's really interesting. Food is human. Robots don't eat, they don't have to eat. This is one inefficiency that we have humans, we have to eat, we have to sleep, we have to do all the things. We're not machines. And that's why I think food is so important. When we think in this context, this is definitely going to happen. Already is happening. The idea of reprogramming food, animals and humans. Because there's a big question about how we're going to supply the food. And I have a big question mark, but I haven't really decided. It's kind of like nuclear energy. You can say, yeah, it's channable, not so good. But then we think about the future of having coal, oil and gas. Wouldn't we rather have nuclear fusion, solar energy? Big discussion. So we have these things like Chris Pakasna and is going to revolutionize how we can actually deal with things. We're going to be able to program Things. Many questions that show up about ethics, like, you know, we have these trends. It's quite clear to us we're going to have to feed a lot more people. But at the same time, we have climate change issues and we're going to have less food. How do we solve this? So that's something where we have to think about, okay, meat. I call this the Great Meat Challenge. This is where it gets personal. I'm not much of a meat eater. I prefer not to eat meat all the time, especially not when I'm traveling. But that happens generally when you get older. I probably eat less meat than before. But here's a big question. The farmers were protesting here in Holland a couple of days ago about what's going to happen with the CO2 provision and the nitrate and all these things. And now the question really is, can we find a future of meat where meat does not equal animals? I think it's coming. I tasted the other day the impossible burger. It's €2,000 a pound. So it was an expensive meal. I didn't pay for it, though. It tasted good, just like a regular hamburger, which you can say it tastes good or not because it's actual meat from the lab. They call it from lab to fork without cruelty. Clean Meat. There's a company called Clean Meat that does this. Right now, it's seriously expensive. But you can say, yeah, with the. With the advent of technology, I mean, think about this. Years ago, if you were roaming from Holland to Germany, you'd pay like €2amegabyte of Internet access, right? And what is it today? Like two gigs included. So think about that for food. Bill Gates and Richard Branson were investors in this. They're saying, well, basically, in 10 years, it'll be one tenth of regular meat. So imagine a city, not necessarily in Europe, but let's say in the Middle east, that has a very dry area. You can have one house with a meat factory, a lab that churns out the meat, and another house, a high rise for vertical farming. 100,000 people fed and organic. No water pollution, no air pollution. That's a gigantic business when you think about this. So look at this chart. Double meat consumption. I mean, of course, you said this is wildly optimistic that people would actually adopt cultured meat like this. So in many ways, when we think about the future, we have to question our assumptions. I always say jokingly, if you're not worried, then you're not thinking about the future enough. And if you're not confused, you're not thinking about the future enough. Because yeah, these things are all happening at the same time. We really have to think this is what Richard Manson says about this, right? We will no longer need to kill any animals and all that meat will be either clean or plant based. Well, it's not going to be either or, of course we know this, but I mean you can see what's happening. This is a two year old video clip from the World Economic Forum about this. And yeah, you know, we used to doubt if we can have a self driving car. We used to doubt that a car battery lasts longer than 50 kilometers and now the next Tesla will go 500 kilometers. In three years we're going to have a €10,000 car that goes 2,000 kilometers on one filling of electricity. At that point we won't even have a car because we can just hop into one. So it's going to really change our future in so many ways. So here's the farmers again to bring up a key point. Technology can do all these things, but we have to keep up, we have to change the way that we're doing things. We have to change our habits. Talk about my own habit, flying. I fly to 100 gigs a year and I go to Beijing for one day, I'm offset in the carbon. But yeah, what if, and I think this is quite likely in the near future you will pay as much for carbon offsetting than you pay for the airplane ticket that's coming. Maybe not quite in that dramatic proportion. Right now it's like 50 cents, you know, to go from Amsterdam to Zurich. But clearly we're going to have to change our habits. Farmers are saying they'll quit, which is not good. So lots and lots of political, social issues and we may see mandatory veganism. In other words, just like you can't drive a car in the city anymore, like a London and very soon it will be forbidden to drive your regular car in a city. Are we going to be forced to say, well if you want to eat meat it will be really expensive. Go to New Zealand where a pack of cigarettes is $65 and they want to bring it to 100 people are still smoking. But yeah, you think about that. If you smoke a pack a day, that's kind of expensive. So yeah, I think we're going to see those things in a much different way. And on the flip side of this, technology allows us abundance. Think about the word abundance, you know, uberfloss in German, maybe Dutch also, I think, right, where you have so many things that you stop worrying about availability. We have abundant Music, we have abundant films, we have abundant books, we have very soon abundant transportation. Then we have abundant energy. Will we have abundant food using technology like take water on the other side. Water desalination is really expensive today. But the progress in water desalination is gigantic. We can expect in 10 years we can have not abundance. That would be a little bit too hopeful. But we will have solved the water problem through desalination. So here's a clip from the past, a scene from Star Trek that shows true abundance. I wonder what else is on the menu. One pan fried catfish. Smells like the real thing. So the machine that prints your dinner, that is science fiction. But a machine prints ice cream today. It prints a pizza, it prints houses, it prints hearts. So parts of what we need will be printed in the future. Our shoes can be printed in the store. It's also too expensive today. But 10 years. Yeah, I mean there's consumer goods companies that are looking at printing ice cream on demand on the beach. So you go to the beach and say I want my ice cream to be the following mix and put your name on it. It prints it in real time. Well that's because it's mostly only chemicals in it. I guess it makes it easy. So machines, technology is bringing abundance. It's hard to believe today because we're sitting here saying, well a lot of people are still starving, they don't have water, they may not have toilets and all of these things. A post meat, post oil world. I think it's technically feasible, but it requires a lot of governance. Like what do people do that used to work there and will we have new jobs? On that note, I wouldn't be so pessimistic. Think about the past. Ten years ago we didn't have much social media. Today social media is media. 21 million people work in social media. Those jobs didn't exist 10 years ago. What jobs are we going to see because of this that don't exist today? Will there be enough jobs for everybody? Probably not. Different discussion. I'll get back to that in a second. But we're moving towards a new economic logic quite clearly. If we're looking at the world economic risk chart, this is terms of impact. On the left, nuclear war, of course. But on the right, this is our new normal. And Hans mentioned this earlier, we need to become comfortable with being uncomfortable. That's the new normal. This is basically going to be like this. N10x100x the future has extreme weather, climate change, natural disasters, data fraud, two big things, two sort of natural emergencies, one is climate change. And the other one is human change. And so that's something we have to think about, which way we're going with this because we can see on those charts clearly that GDP is growing. So generally speaking, we're making more money. But all the negative effects are also growing. Temperature, sea level, energy use, energy we can solve because we'll have the tech to create enough energy for lower prices. The other things, yeah, that is going to be some heavy lifting. And I think basically we can safely say today, if you listen to Greta speak, business as usual is dead. In the next couple years, all companies in the field of food and health and everything around it will live up to a new standard. Is it sustainable? Is it circular? Is it good for people? Does it make money? That's one of the concerns. And Unilever, Procter and Gamble and all these companies are now thinking about this. How can we make customized food and personalized food? What is the new business when the business of selling sort of huge mass markets is finished? Two considerations, climate change. In the next 20 years, we're just going to have to put up with it and adapt. That's going to cost trillions just to address this. But then again, it's probably a big growth in jobs on that side of the equation. In 20 years, we can probably go back and fix it. CO2. Taking CO2 out. Then the other thing is also kind of a pollution, right? Digital pollution, human change. Facebook, the biggest digital polluter you can imagine polluting our minds. I left Facebook last year because of that reason. I stopped speaking at Facebook events because this is a real problem. We now go into a world where we have the one pollution is CO2, the other pollution is data. That's something we have to think about when we think about human change and where that's going. Back to the climate change component here. Looking at this graph, it's quite clear. This is United Nations Climate Change Panel information. The Southern hemisphere is in real trouble when the temperature rises. And it is. So here's a shocking number. Between 150 and 300 million climate refugees by 2050. Talking about immigration problems, right? Yeah. I mean, a couple hundred thousand, a couple of million people. We're talking about almost 300 million. If the temperature goes up 4 degrees, basically you can't live there anymore. Shocking number. But then again, we're going to see dramatic adaptation measures and this discussion is just now starting. We're going to see measures that says, okay, no more cruise ships, CO2 on airplanes, no cars in cities, mandatory charge to Eat meat unimaginable today because, yeah, it's not free capitalism. It's not. But what choice do we have that's going to turbocharge information? We're moving to a new logic. I call this sustainable capitalism. This is not socialism. By the way, just in case you're thinking in this direction, this is an idea of saying we have four people, Planet, purpose and prosperity. There was a book called the Triple Bottom Line, which is very similar. You should read now. For the first time ever, There was a CEO roundtable a couple weeks ago in the US where the CEOs of major companies have announced that in the future it will no longer be just about shareholder value. Of course, it may be whitewashing or greenwashing if you want. Yeah, it could be. Robert F. Kennedy said this in 1968. GDP, GNP measures everything except that which makes life worthwhile. It is utterly useless for us to think about growth and profit and money when we have no place to enjoy. And this is dawning on people now, this idea of saying, okay, where are we going with this? Again? What I would say about this, you know, this is a new trend that we're going to see. We're going to see a new stock market. This would be a great idea for Holland. Let's create a stock market only for companies that adhere to the four bottom lines. Like we have NASDAQ for tech. Let's have the quadruple P DAC index for companies who are on that agenda. So I can invest. I think that's going to be a good idea. Let me talk about the future of work and then we're going to have some questions later. Also with Hans. Really, what's happening is that this is the number one topic. Intelligent machines. Again, forget about the word AI. The fact that machines can learn and become smart and are no longer stupid. I mean, I can use this very soon. There's a rumor that you can use WhatsApp and you can have a real time translation on whatever you've spoken into it. So you speak a little message to whoever, like we all do. But then you can say convert to Chinese. Is that going to be taking the translators out of business? Where are they, over there? Not really, but yeah, I mean, it's a gradual thing. AI is going to be everywhere, taking care of our routines. It's the end of routine for us. Whatever routine you are doing, if it doesn't require human input or compassion, machines will learn it. So accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, driving, checking out the supermarket call centers, 21 million people. Do you get compassion in a call center? I don't know. Maybe at klm. Do you do? I don't know. But generally speaking, it's not required. I just solved the problem. So we're going to see rapic automation. You see the first one here, food preparation. And of course that goes for food preparation, like fast food, right? Not for restaurants of that nature. It's interesting to see McDonald's and Burger King are both looking at fully automating the burger places. So the food can be even better than today. I'm just kidding. But there's one person running the whole thing. Let's just automate the whole thing. On the flip side, now you can clearly see, okay, there's going to be damage by AI in automation, which is down here, right? You're looking at these jobs here. Construction, manufacturing, transportation, storage. Jobs declining. I mean, in the construction business, can you print a house? Yeah, you can print a house already they're doing it in Chinese. A company called Wei soon prints the whole house and prints the furniture and the people. Not even people. Not the people, prints everything. On the flip side of this whole thing, take a look at the top of the pyramid where we're looking at situations like health care. We talked about that yesterday. Scientific communications, hospitality. For some reason, food is missing here. Hospitality, I guess, is food. So growing anything that requires human ingenuity, creativity, design, negotiation, conversation, empathy, compassion is growing. That's our future job. That's why the food business is going to be a great business. We're not going to automate eating because we can eat paste like an astronaut, right? I mean, this is a human thing that we do. Our ultimate job is to be human, to not be a robot. Ten years ago we were looking at this and saying, oh, humans have to function well and be productive, be efficient and all these things. So we were working like robots 10 years ago, basically, including myself. You go to business school, you learn how to be a robot. Many of our kids at school today are learning how to download information and act like a robot. Case study from A to B, if this, then that like a computer, the feature is going to be about being malleable, understanding things in a different place, inventing stuff, inventing your own job. Some people are saying roughly 70% of new jobs haven't even been invented yet. That's our kids we're talking about here. They have to invent their own job. Look at the scale map of tomorrow. Also a bit confusing because there are so many of them. But here, let me zoom in a Little bit on this. So move on the top quadrant here. This is the top right. That was on the right before this. And you can basically see what's happening. There's two things that are going to guarantee our work in the future. That's human only skills and technology. Look at this thing here. Technology design, project management, critical thinking, advanced it right next to each other. You want your kids to have work in the future. That's it. I mean, we have to understand technology. If you don't understand technology, you're toast, right? I mean, but technology as such will not be your ticket because computers are learning to program themselves. It's about understanding people. That's why you're here. You're not downloading information. I hope you're also discussing it. So let me wrap up with the discussion of digital ethics. This is the key topic for 2019. Technology has become so powerful. Again, a quadrant here that shows you the most powerful things are also the most potentially harmful. That is genome editing, especially for humans and artificial intelligence. We can use AI as a weapon of war. In fact, many countries are very excited about this. Using automated drones to kill people, that should be banned. But obviously a difficult discussion. Zooming in on this, I would say basically, I think the most promising future is one where we don't stop doing things because we're worried. But we also don't dismiss the risk. If we build the Internet of things, if we build a new data economy, then we also have to put up with the consequences. If Facebook wants to be in social media, then they shouldn't be acting asocial. In my view. They have morphed from being good for us to being the worst poison you can imagine. They want to change and they have to change. They have to be responsible. It can't be somebody else's business to mop up after companies that take advantage of the digital economy. So it has to be included in the business model. Be holistic and there's a real danger. This is a scene that was making the rounds on the Internet a couple of weeks ago is a guy in a Tesla who's sleeping. It may have been fake, but it was definitely interesting. This is kind of our attitude with technology. We're sleepwalking into technology, meaning more people have relationships with their screens than they have with other people. We don't go anywhere without this because this is our mission control. So I have some new rules. I don't take the mobile phone in the bedroom anymore. If I can, I go out for dinner without the phone. We call it going Naked because you're not covered. We really have to think about this. Let's not go blindly into a future that says whatever can be done should be done. That's a very bad idea because in 10 years we can do anything. You want to replace your legs with a prosthesis so you can do better Mountain climbing. You can, you can do that today. There are people wanting to do that today. Can you marry a robot? People want to do that today. Don't laugh. I mean, this is a big story. So we have to think about this. What is the new normal? How far do we go? So, final thoughts on this six future principles as part of my upcoming book. The first ones everybody knows. Exponential growth, converging industries, technology, biology, combinatorial skills. New things that become possible because of science. That's progress. And that progress is going to be so mind boggling the next 10 years. If you don't observe it, you'll be perpetually late. But here's the other part of this. In the near future, when we think about food, health care, well being, we've got to think beyond the exponential. Keep in mind that humans aren't exponential. We are linear, we're organic. We're not going to compete with machines as much as you want, we're not. Right now we're kind of as smart as machines, or vice versa. In 10 years, a machine with an IQ of 1 million, how do we compete? Well, we're going to be humans. The machines will never be human like we are. So we have to think about this. We have to think about holistic business models. And every company we do business with will be required to fill the agenda. Holistic, the circular economy. Sustainability. Not just on energy, but everything else. Human benefit. Going back to Facebook for a second. Facebook has been the most profitable company in the history of digital companies on the Internet. If you had invested in Facebook four years ago when they went public, you would have made the most money. Every time Facebook gets into a problem with Privacy, which was 28 times last year, the stock goes up. When it was announced that they're going to pay 5 billion euros to the European Commission for privacy violation, the same day the stock went up 8%. As long as we have a mindset that says it doesn't matter what comes out the other end, as long as we have jobs, unemployment and more money, we're fine, right? That will not work. If we continue on that road, we're toast. Because these things make a lot of money. I mean, the oil industry made lots of money. We had to regulate it. So we're going to see all these things in the future coming together in sort of a joint new agenda that I call sustainable capitalism. So I'm going to leave you with that thought and we can discuss a little bit with Hans later. Thanks very much for listening. I have a couple of free books with me. If you see me later, you can grab one. Thanks very much for listening.