Real Leaders: Rachel Carson Seeds the Environmental Movement

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Welcome to the HBR IdeaCast from Harvard Business Review, I'm Adi Ignatius. This is Real Leaders, a special series that examines the lives of some of the world's most compelling and effective leaders, past and present, and offers lessons to all of us today. In our first episode, we told the story of a polar explorer today, an environmentalist.

We've heard the benefits of pesticides. We have heard a great deal about their safety, but very little about the hazards, very little about the failures, the inefficiencies. And yet the public was being asked to accept these chemicals, was being asked to acquiesce in their use and did not have the whole picture. So I set about to remedy the balance there.

That's Rachel Carson speaking in a 1963 interview with CBS. Her book Silent Spring has just been published and reveals the deep environmental damage from the widespread use of synthetic pesticides like ddt. The reaction from chemical companies is swift and forceful.

The major claims in Ms. Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring are gross distortions of the actual facts.

That's a spokesperson for the chemical industry, Dr. Robert White Stevens, also speaking at CBS back in 1963.

If man were to faithfully follow the teachings of Ms. Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth.

But the book also gets attention for people who do take Carson's research seriously, like President John F. Kennedy.

Particularly of course, in Ms. Carson's book, they are examining the matter.

In today's episode, a woman of modest means, armed with little more than a pen, takes on some of the most powerful industrial companies and changes the world. I'm Adi Ignatius, editor in chief of Harvard Business Review, and I'm here with Nancy Cain, the great historian at Harvard Business School who has researched Carson's exceptional life. Hi, Nancy.

Hey there.

Her journey in some ways seems very unlikely. Rachel Carson grew up outside of Pittsburgh in a small town. She was a good student. She started writing for a kids literary magazine at a young age. But the family didn't have a lot of money.

She was awarded a scholarship when she graduated. She was valedictorian of the small public high school she went to. And she was awarded a scholarship to go to what was then called Pennsylvania College for Women. It's now a fine private school called Chatham College in Pittsburgh. So she's on scholarship. Her mother has to sell the china, the family dishes to help her get spending money. They borrow a car to drive her there, her father and her mother. And she is there, a poor K from the outskirts of Pittsburgh. And so the story of her college years is about establishing herself really as a star student, particularly English classes. But then by her sophomore year at a subject she discovers she's fascinated by, didn't expect to be so biology.

So her story really, throughout her life, it feels like a story of overcoming one challenge after another. She faced particularly tough challenges, I think, as a woman, particularly entering in the field of science.

Right. A woman that wants to make her way in terms of an income needs to be a teacher or she needs to be a nurse. She certainly can't be a scientist. I mean, it was highly unusual for a woman to graduate from college in 1925. It was even more unusual for a woman at that time to want to pursue graduate work. It was even more unusual for a woman to want to do that graduate work in the science. And she encounters almost nothing but naysayers, even though she's accepted to Johns Hopkins with a scholarship to study zoology in her senior year.

So Carson did go on to study at Johns Hopkins. She moved to Baltimore, but this is the onset of the Great Depression. Her family is struggling financially back home, so she brings them to Baltimore to live with her. She starts working in a lab to earn extra money to support them. But eventually she drops out of the PhD program. So how does she deal with that.

Setback when she drops out? She gets her master's in 1932 and then drops out of the graduate program because she can't hold down the job. She needs to support her birth family. Mom, dad, sister, two daughters of sister and brother. There are days when there's so little food in the house that they're eating apples for supper. I mean, this is really hard. She can't make enough money if she's a graduate student to support all those people. And if she's going to have enough teaching and lab assistant work to support them all, she can't get her PhD done. So she leaves. And it is a wrenching decision for her.

So Carzin has a lot going on. She finds a job writing radio scripts at the U.S. bureau of Fisheries, which is, I guess the U.S. fish and Wildlife Service today. So in these scripts, she's basically translating biology into terms that ordinary listeners can understand. So is that a path to her literary career?

She always wanted to be a best selling author, so the true north that she's following is at an ambitious level, is to be a best selling author. Her first book is published in 1941.

Right. And that first book is called under the Sea Wind. Writing about the Ocean. Writing about the Sea. And it was amazing writing based on an essay she published in the Atlantic in 1937. And I'm read a little excerpt now.

Fantastic.

Who has known the ocean? Neither you nor I, with our earthbound senses know the foam and surge of the tide that beats over the crab hiding under the seaweed of his tide pool home. Or the lilt of the long slow swells of mid ocean where shoals of wandering fish prey and are preyed upon and the dolphin breaks the waves to breathe the upper atmosphere. This is good stuff. Where does this come from, this spark, this poetry?

It comes from a woman who had these literary gifts and worked throughout her life to cultivate them and improve them, married to this rigorous scientific knowledge, curiosity and training that she had.

So, all right, so at this point she's on her way. I mean, the reviews were strong, the science held up to scrutiny.

Sure. Her first book is published a week before the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. So it just disappears in the Second World War. For the next 12 years she continues to work as a government employee, a federal government employee for the Fish and Wildlife Service, into the early 1950s, when she's hard at work on what will become her first huge bestseller, the Sea Around Us, which is published in 1951.

So it sounds like there's a pretty big gap between 1941, the publication of the first book, and 1951, the publication of the second one.

So I think of that decade and of a lot of her life as being emblematic of a concept I call the gathering years. She's gathering all this information and assimilating this knowledge about the natural world through her work as a writer and editor, rising writer and editor at the Fish and Wildlife Service, leading a team of people. She's a bureaucrat by day. At night she's writing articles at home and she's putting these two together. The article she's writing for the Baltimore sun in the Atlantic and Scribner's and these Saturday evening posts while she's working on the next book or conceptualizing the next book that she hopes will be a bestseller. And that is what all real leaders spend time in, those moments of their life, moments when not a lot is happening in terms of checking things off your bucket list, right? Your achievement, dreams, your big life mission as you conceive it at a particular time. There are moments when you don't have to be getting X and Y and Z done and making a big public splash. You can be investing in yourself. And think about those time periods, literally the way a financial advisor would say or an entrepreneurial coach would say, these are years when you're going to really invest here and build the capabilities you need. And she does that throughout the 1940s. She does it at other moments in her life, but that's the best example of it.

So for Rachel Carson, she's had some success. She's gathering for the next rounds, but she also has a family that is depending on her. That's kind of knocking her off her game a little bit.

Sure. And she does, and it's a big deal. And as the decade unfolds, her sister will die and so will her father. She and her mother will be left to care for two teen adolescent girls, her nieces. And then one of them will grow up and have a child. And eventually Rachel will adopt that child when this woman dies. So she was a practical, a financial, an emotional pillar, a critical source of support for all of her late 20s, all of her 30s, all of her 40s, for her family. Every day she came home and she got started getting dinner ready with her mother for her nieces and for her mother and herself. And then there was laundry to go in the wringer washer, and then there were lunches to make for the kids, and then there were bills to figure out how they were gonna pay. And then there was emotional support and convers and bedtime stories. And so she didn't settle into writing her stuff till 11pm and she worked into the wee hours of the morning before getting up at seven to start the household. And it's caretaking. Lots of different forms of it. It's caretaking. And I think all that caretaking became part of who she was as a real leader, how she had this sense of responsibility and stewardship for people, ultimately for animals, for the natural world. As any worthy leader will tell you they have, or the people they serve. Generals will tell you, there's an enormous amount of caretaking done in leading their troops. Right. And there's love and there's attention to detail and there's all that humanity. But let's not underestimate how difficult it really was.

But is the point woulda, coulda, shoulda, she could have done more than she did, or that this is exactly what gave her the kind of drive to do what she.

The point is that she uses this difficult experience, but she becomes an incredibly talented caretaker. That caretaking fuels her to think about what in the heck are we doing with the natural world in using these untested pesticides? And that becomes an incredibly important part of the book she writes called Silent Spring, which is the stewardship all Americans, all people, owe to the earth that supports us.

Coming up after the break. It took Rachel Carson four years to write Silent Spring. We'll trace her journey from nature writer to environmental leader. Welcome back to Real Leaders, a special series of the HBR IdeaCast. I'm Adi Ignatius with Nancy Cain. Hey, Nancy.

Hey there, Adi.

Before we start talking about Silent Spring, let's hear a bit of the book that changed the world.

Chemicals are the sinister and little recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world, the very nature of its life. Non selective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the good and the bad, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the stream, to coat the leaves with a deadly film and to linger on in soil. All this, though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life? They should not be called insecticides, but biocides.

So that's pretty clear indictment in industry. DDT had been developed as a synthetic insecticide in the late 30s. The Allies had used it in World War II to try to control malaria and typhus among the troops. And after the war, it started to be rolled out commercially. The USDA began using it in aerial spraying to kill fire ants. So before we even talk about Rachel Carson, give us a little context.

Dow, Monsanto, Velcicol, a host of large chemical companies see this as the continuation of this rich revenue stream, this big market they'd had during the Second World War, a war in which for the first time in history, more men did not die of insect borne disease than they did from gunfire. So it's considered a triumph, right. Of science that these chemicals have killed mosquitoes and other insects during the war. And these chemical companies are, we need to kill, we need to figure out the commercial uses. There was wallpaper you could buy that was, that had DDT spray in the back so you could put it up to make sure, like the bugs in your walls didn't come. It was everywhere. You could spray your drapes with it. There were trucks that sprayed neighborhood streets with huge plumes of ddt. And so it was an extraordinary explosion in use generated by companies that wanted to extend and Expand the market and a United States Department of Agriculture, which was, in a sense, the biggest purchaser. When she decides that we need to take a look at this, she knows that the large vested interests that are promoting these chemicals are not only the chemical companies, but also the U.S. government.

So she's doing this research. She's talking to these people, you know, she's reporting. It's investigative journalism. It's scientific research. Is anyone else doing this at the same time?

Several people have passed on it. Carson doesn't want to do it. She doesn't want to be a whistleblower or a muck wracker. She's known as a chronicler of nature's, you know, of the sea's beauty and its majesty and its scientific, you know, power and its ability to support man. She's not known as someone who, you know, wags her finger and rings the bell on, on Monsanto or on the United States Department of Agriculture. She's very reluctant to go public and to take on a project about this. But after about six months of preliminary research, she decides, I can't not do it because no one else is doing it and because what she is learning about the effects of these chemicals is so very alarming. So she writes to a good friend of hers, Dorothy Freeman, she said, I realized as much as I didn't want to do this, and this part is a quote, there would be no peace for me if I kept silent. So there's someone who's not responding to the, you know, the fireworks of her own narcissistic ambition. She's responding to a duty, she feels, to try and understand this story because there's something going on that could be very, very dangerous to the natural world.

So in the middle of this difficult project, it's not easy to get information and you're running into a lot of walls. Her health takes a bad turn. She develops metastasizing cancer that seems to be life threatening. So at this point, you know, it's almost like a race against time. Will she be able to complete her life's work before her body gives out?

She's diagnosed with cancer in the middle of 1960, and then given this more serious and much more complete diagnosis in November of 1960 from a very, very good oncologist at the Cleveland Clinic. And there is no chemotherapy. It' important for our listeners to realize that all they have is radiation to treat the monster of metastasizing breast cancer. So she undergoes all kinds of radiation treatment, which has a lot of very destructive secondary and tertiary effects. For her. But she's trying to finish the book, which is taking longer and longer and longer because she's learning a great deal. So the story becomes larger than she envisioned. It also becomes more complicated. And here's the most important thing about. About this race against the clock and her health. It has to unfold as she tries to get the story right. She is one of the most astounding examples of doing your homework. She dots every I, she crosses every T. She works very methodically and initially, seemingly very slowly. She's not working slowly. She's just trying to unpack the story. Because the stakes, she thinks, are so high, she has to get it right. She said to her publisher, a man named Paul Brooks at Houghton Mifflin here in Boston. She said, I had to set this work on an unshakable foundation. That's particularly important in our age right now of just cutting and pasting and sending stuff on. On the Internet. This is the opposite of that. And she's very careful. So the race is a real one. And it's made really complicated by the fact that her health keeps suffering. Right? There's a point when she has an eye infection and shows she can't see. So her research assistant and she are editing pages. By having the assistant read to her and she's editing with her voice, she becomes terr Ill with the effects of physically ill and nauseous with the effects of radiation. There's one moment where she writes, this is in 1961. She's so ill she can barely get out of bed. She said, if I was a superstitious person, I would think there are dark forces trying to prevent me from finishing this book. It's astoundingly difficult.

So the life lesson from Rachel Carson's life is resilience. I mean, here's somebody who might have given up. And she kept pushing. She kept pushing.

We all have the potential to find that resilience within ourselves and to develop it. Resilience, I've learned through all this work on leaders in crisis, is a muscle. And you access it by facing some really difficult moment of doubt or despair, which she has many of, and getting close to that moment, which we all know, where you want to give up on something that's important. It's difficult. You know, it matters. But you feel like at 2am when you can't sleep, it's just too hard. And she describes a moment like this and then describes how she thinks of what she's trying to do. And she realizes, I realize I've got to keep going. I got to get up tomorrow and try again. That moment is her first access in this particular crucible, this critical moment to resilience. And then the next time it happened, that muscle gets a little stronger. And the next time it happens, we see this with all kinds of leaders, but you have to, in a sense, access that and then realize and that becomes part of your memory, that the next time you get to a moment of great self questioning and doubt, you go, wait a minute, six months ago, I remember I was in the same place. And that's when you kick into that muscle again. And resilience grows from there.

So despite the challenges, despite the health challenges, she does it. And in 1962, the serialized portions of the book appear in the New Yorker. By the end of 1962, the book is published. What was the reaction?

It creates a huge controversy. The New York Times runs a headline in the middle of the summer. This is in the wake of the serialization of the New Yorker that says silent Spring, Noisy Summer on the front page, describing the clamor, the uproar over the book. And it's an uproar caused by two different groups, vested interest, particularly chemical company representatives, USDA folks and reporters that had signed on to say that this woman was a hysterical, nature loving, tree hugging spinster. Those were words that were used about her. She was threatened with scores of lawsuits, civil lawsuits. Not one ever went anywhere because as one of the lawyers for the New Yorker said, when you do your homework and you've got your facts, it's very hard to sue anyone. On the other hand, there are all kinds of experts and what are beginning to be citizen activists, people like Stuart Udall, who was John F. Kennedy's Secretary of the Interior, who recognize the incredible rigorous and care an unassailable case she has now laid before the public. Congressional committees are formed to study pesticides. By 1964, those congressional subcommittees will have decided that DDT, Heptachlor and other organic synthetic pesticides will be outlawed. They will not be sold. They will not be distributed. That ban will become almost global over the next 15 years.

So eventually, Silent Spring does in fact get DDT out of our lives. Help us connect the dots here. How do we get from the book to the environmental movement?

Sure, the epa, the Endangered Species act, the Clean Water act, and the Clean Air act will all be passed within 10 years of the book's publication. At each stage of the way, different senators, activists, environmentalists and leaders will take Silent Spring and say, here's why we need to do this. So the book will be a kind of bedrock of reasoning and motivation for government and citizen action toward forming a modern environmental movement with legislative guardrails.

So it's not an exaggeration then to say that this woman, this book, inspired a movement?

Not at all.

So her story is amazing. Her impact is undeniable. I want to ask you, is this leadership? I mean, so in our company and in many companies, you talk about people who are on a leadership track or who are individual contributors, and both are essential and both are celebrated and respected. But the leader group tends to have followers and tends to have a team and, you know, the individual people are sort of out on their own. So help me understand why you would define Rachel Carson not only as a great person, but as a great leader.

Because she exercises such a profound impact on other people. Because the book is an invitation, a call to action, a siren song, a gauntlet dropped before people which both respects their intelligence and respects their own agency. That's what leaders do. Individual contributors, as important as they are, are checking things off for the company or themselves or the client, and they're done. It's not about how other people make the world better. That is all this book is about. So I think she's an incredibly important example of a leader. And there's one other thing to say about Carson as a leader. She was an introvert. She was shy, and yet she had more impact than most presidents. So I like to say to people, what's so really memorable about her leadership is how it demonstrates that leaders come in all forms. A quiet, shy introvert can be as powerful as the most hard charging, charismatic, brilliant speaker and make the world better. So leaders come in different forms and she was a heck of a leader.

Next time on Real Leaders, nancy Cain and I will be talking about Abraham Lincoln. Though widely considered to be the greatest of American presidents, he had more than his share of political and personal failures.

Lincoln's life is littered with disappointments and setbacks and failures and more than a couple of tragedies. The interesting thing as we get to know him is how those early obstacles and midlife disappointments helped make him more resilient, more courageous, more focused as president trying to lead the nation through the Civil War.

This episode was produced by Anne Sanney and edited by Kurt Nickish. We get technical help from Rob Eckart and Adam Buchholz is our audio product manager. I'm Adi Ignatius, editor in chief of Harvard Business Review. Thanks for listening to Real Leaders, a special series at the HBR IdeaCast.