In this chapter William James surveys the practice and theory of hypnotism. He begins by outlining various induction techniques—ranging from simple self‑suggestion to staring at objects or listening to a ticking watch—and advises on pacing suggestions and awakening subjects. James then categorises three dominant theories of the hypnotic state: Animal Magnetism, Neurosis, and Suggestion, summarising each and noting their historical decline or persistence. He describes the phenomenology of hypnosis, comparing it to ordinary sleep, and enumerates a wide array of trance symptoms such as amnesia, heightened suggestibility, voluntary‑muscle paralysis, catalepsy, hallucinations, delusions, hyperesthesia, and alleged changes in tissue nutrition. The chapter emphasizes the role of expectation and rapport in shaping hypnotic outcomes, and concludes with a detailed discussion of post‑hypnotic (deferred) suggestions, their latency, and their therapeutic potential. Throughout, James adopts a cautious, analytical tone, acknowledging gaps in scientific evidence while highlighting practical observations from contemporary schools of hypnosis.
Topics
Induction Techniques and Operator Guidance
A survey of practical methods for inducing trance—including self‑suggestion, visual fixation, auditory focus, and symbolic gestures—and recommendations on pacing suggestions and awakening protocols.
Expectation and Rapport as Determinants of Success
James argues that a subject’s expectation to be hypnotised and the operator’s rapport are key factors influencing induction efficacy and repeatability.
Three Competing Theories of the Hypnotic State
Classification and critique of the Animal Magnetism, Neurosis, and Suggestion theories, outlining their core claims and contemporary relevance.
Amnesia and Memory Dynamics in Hypnosis
Observation that early trance retains memory, but deeper or repeated inductions lead to progressive amnesia, with possibilities for prompted recall.
Heightened Suggestibility and Voluntary‑Muscle Effects
Discussion of how suggestions can produce immediate motor inhibition, catalepsy, and paralysis through antagonistic muscle contraction.
Hallucinations, Delusions, and Sensory Manipulation
Evidence that hypnotic subjects can experience vivid sensory hallucinations, delusional beliefs, and even analgesia or anesthesia via suggestion.
Hyperesthesia and Enhanced Sensory Acuity
Reports of subjects displaying heightened discrimination abilities (e.g., weight or visual cues) under hypnosis, with notes on experimental uncertainty.
Post‑Hypnotic (Deferred) Suggestions
Examination of suggestions given during trance that activate after awakening, potentially after long delays, and their therapeutic implications.