Bernie Sanders Interview | Lex Fridman Podcast #450

The ideas that I am talking about are ideas that are widely supported. Everything that I talk about, raising the minimum wage, health care for all, a tax system which demands the billionaires pay their fair share, those are all popular ideas. But people didn't know you got to run for president and have 20,000 people come out to your rallies and win 23 states. They say, hmm, well, maybe those ideas are not so crazy after all. And we've got to entertain them. The establishment doesn't like that. They really don't. They want to tell you, and this is their main, this is how they succeed. What they say, Lex, is the world is the way it is. It always will be this way. We got the wealth, we got the power, and don't think of anything else. This is the way it is. You have no power. Give up. They don't say it quite that way, but that's really what the intent is. And what we showed is, guess what? Running an outsider campaign, we took on the Democratic establishment. We came closer to close to winning it. And we did win 23 states. And the ideas that we're talking about are the ideas that working class people, young people, believe in.

The following is a conversation with Bernie Sanders, senator from Vermont and two time presidential candidate, both times as the underdog who, against the long odds, captivated the support and excitement of millions of people both on the left and the right. This is the Lex Friedman podcast to support it. Please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, dear friends, here's Bernie Sanders. Growing up, did you ever think you'd be a politician?

Nope, not in a million years.

Yeah, I know that you hate talking about yourself, which is rare for a politician, I would say. What's your philosophy behind that? You like talking about the issues.

I mean, you know, everybody talks about themselves. It's not about me. You know, nice guy, not a nice guy. What's the. What, you know, politics should be about is the issues facing the people of our country, the people of the world, and how we're going to address it. That's what it should be.

That said, there's interesting aspects to your life story. For example, in 1963, you are very active in the civil rights movement, got arrested even for protesting segregation in Chicago. And you attended the famous march on Washington where MLK gave his I have a Dream speech. What was that like?

It's extraordinary. Took a bus ride down with fellow students in the University of Chicago, and it was a zillion people there. I'm not sure if it was the first time I'D ever been in Washington in my life. But it was, you know, it was a very impressive moment. And what he was talking about, what people very often forget about, that it was not only racial justice, it was jobs. Jobs and justice. That was the name of that rally. And so it's something I've never forgotten.

What influence did he have on you? What'd you learn about the way he enacted change in the world?

King was a very impressive guy. More impressive, I think, than people think that he was. And what he did is he created his movement from the bottom on up. So he developed real organization, grassroots organization, which put pressure on communities and officials to end segregation, to open up voting patterns. And I think what has to also be remembered about King, which is really quite extraordinary, is, you know, he won the Nobel Peace Prize, and there was, oh, you're great. You're wonderful. But then toward the end of his life, he took on Lyndon Johnson on the war in Vietnam. And as soon as he did that, suddenly the editorial pages throughout America, establishment papers, no longer thought he was so great. In fact, the message sent out, you're black. Deal with civil rights. Don't worry about foreign policy. We'll take care of that. But he said, you know, if I talk about peace and nonviolence, I can't sit back and allow what's going on in Vietnam to continue without speaking out. Incredible courage to do that. And by the way, we. When he was assassinated at a fighting for the rights of AFSCME workers, garbage guys who delivered the garbage, who were treated terribly, low wages, bad working conditions, and who had to support their right to form a union, that's when he got killed.

So on the war front, one of the things that people don't often talk about your work in politics, you gave what I think is a truly brave speech on the Iraq War. In 2000, I believe you voted no on the Iraq resolution. You voted no on the Patriot act, and you basically predicted very accurately what would happen if we go into Iraq. What was your thinking at the time behind those speeches, behind voting no on the Patriot act, on the Iraq resolution?

It maybe ironically, came out of maybe the war in Vietnam and the ease and lies that people told. We went into Vietnam under a lie. We lost close to 60,000Americans. Millions of people in Vietnam, Cambodia died as a result of that. So you think twice about it. And in the war in Iraq, you had, you know, people like Dick Cheney and others telling us, oh, they have nuclear weapons and all that stuff. It's the only way we can resolve the issue. I didn't believe it, I didn't agree with it. And you're right. Turns out historically, I was right.

What's the way to fight this thing that Martin Luther King tried to fight, which is the military industrial complex?

It's huge. I mean, it gets to the broader issue of where we are as a nation. And what I almost uniquely in Congress talk about is the fact that we are moving Lex to an oligarchic form of society. And not a lot of people are familiar with that term, but what it means. We talk about oligarchy in Russia and Putin is surrounded by the oligarchs. Well, guess what? What do you think is happening in the United States? So what you have right now is an economy with more concentration of ownership than we've ever had. All right? That means whether it's agriculture, transportation, healthcare, whatever it may be, fewer and fewer massively large corporations control what's produced and the prices we pay. And then you look at our political system and it's. We don't talk about it. What is the reality of the political system today? And that is that billionaires are spending huge amounts of money to buy this election. In Trump's campaign, you got three multi billionaires spending over $200 million. Three people. Democrats have their billionaires not quite as concentrated. But at the end of the day, billionaires play an enormous role in terms of electing politicians and in Washington in determining who, what legislation gets seen and not seen.

But it's not just single billionaires, it's companies with lobbyists.

You got it? Let me give you one example. Lobbyists, we pay in the United States, by far the highest prices in the world for prescription drugs. This is an issue I've been working hard on with some success. Take a wild and crazy guess how many lobbyists are there from the drug companies in Washington, D.C. well over a thousand. Over a thousand? Yeah. There are 100 members of the Senate, 435 members of the House, 535 members of Congress. There are 1800 well paid lobbyists representing the drug companies, including former leaders of the Republican and Democratic Party. That is why one of the reasons why we pay the highest prices in the world for prescription drugs, military industrial complex, you got a revolving door. People go from the military into the General Dynamics, into Lockheed Martin and the other large companies. And what we see there is an institution in the Pentagon. We spend a trillion dollars a year on the Pentagon. It is the only federal agency that is not able to submit to an independent audit. So if you think there's not massive fraud and waste and cost overruns in the Pentagon. You would be sorely mistaken.

Do you think most politicians are corrupt in accepting the money, or is the system corrupt? Or is it a bit of both?

If the corrupt means that, hey, here's $10,000 vote this way doesn't work like that. Very, very rare, occasionally very, very rare, that's corruption. What happens is that if you are in a campaign and right now, the amount of money that people have to raise, you're running for Senate in Ohio, you're talking about 50, 60 million dollars. Where the hell are you going? It's not going to be $10 donations. You're going to be surrounding yourself with people who have the money. You're going to have a $5,000 plate, dinners, et cetera. So you surround yourself with those people who say, oh, these are my problems. This is what I need. This is, I need a tax break for billionaires, blah, blah, blah, blah. So you become. You live in that world. They are your financial support. They are, in a sense, your political base. So you're very cognizant of what you do in terms of not upsetting them. So it's not corruption in the sense of people, you know, taking envelopes with, you know, huge amounts of money to vote a certain way. That very, very rarely if ever happens. It is the power of big money to make politicians dependent on those folks. And that's why, you know, when I ran for president, what I probably may be most proud of is the fact that we received millions and millions of campaign contributions averaging 27 bucks a piece, I think, in 2016.

Have companies, lobbyists, ever tried to buy you, tried to influence you?

We don't welcome them into our office. I do deal with these guys, but it's usually on a confrontational tone. No. So they don't come in to my office very often telling me their problems.

So how do we fix the system? How do we get money out of politics?

This is not, you know, like many other issues. We don't have to reinvent the wheel here. It exists in other countries. If you go to, you know, every country has their own election system, but nobody has a system where billionaires can spend unlimited sums of money through super PACs to elect the candidates of their choice. So first thing you gotta do. And you know, one of the things, Lex, I found that the more important the issue, the less discussion there is. The less important the issue, the more discussion there is. A number of years ago, the United States Supreme Court, in one of its More pathetic decisions past the, the Citizens United decision. And what Citizens United decision said is, you're a multi billionaire. You want the freedom. You're a free person in a free country. You want the freedom to buy the government and how terrible it would be to deny you the freedom to spend hundreds of millions of dollars on a campaign to elect the candidates. And they said, that's, that's the, that's your freedom. And that's what citizens here at Hydra just about. We got to end that. In my view, we move to public funding of elections. That means you want to run for governor, you want to run for Senate, show that you have some support, get, you know, $5 contributions from X number of people to show you you're not a flake, you have some support, and government will pay a certain amount more and there will be a limit on the amount of money that can be spent. So it'll be a real, you can run against me and I'm not going to outspend you 10 to 1. That's what we should be moving toward, in my view.

How do we make that happen when there's so much money in the system and the politicians owe to the people who paid for their election, does it have to come from the very top? Essentially sort of a really strong, popular populist president.

But you're right. You raised exactly the question. If I am getting a huge amount of money from billionaires, do you think I'm going to go out and announce, I think billionaires should not be involved in buying elections? I doubt that very much. So what you're going to need, and you tell me if I'm missing something, but I pay attention. You don't hear either of the major candidates talking about that issue, do you?

I think what happens is when an individual politician speaks out about it, they get punished. But I think this is a popular idea. So if a lot of them speak out, that's why, if it came from the top, if a president was using a very large platform to basically speak out, it provides a safety blanket for the other politicians to get it out of the system. But there has to be kind of a mass movement.

Yes, it does. I mean, and every place I go, I always speak about the issue and it always, people understand it. You're a Republican, you're a Democrat, you're progressive, you're conservative. Who really believes that we are democracy when billionaires can spend, you know, tens and tens of millions of dollars to buy elections? So it is a very popular issue. It's important. You're right. We need political leaders to be speaking out on that, but we need a grassroots movement to say when somebody is at a town meeting, you're running for the Senate, you're running for the House. What's your view on citizens of the United. Are you prepared to vote to overturn that decision and move to public funding of elections? Extraordinarily important.

So many of your policy proposals are quite radical.

No, they're not. I beg to differ. Okay, great, go through it.

Well, they're popular. So what I mean is relative to the way other politicians speak, it's usually a little bit more moderate. So from everything you've learned from politics, is it better to go sort of radical? Maybe we can come up with a different word versus a more moderate, safe, ambiguous kind of politics.

Okay, let's talk about it. Fair enough. We talked about one issue, very important. Money in politics.

Money? Yes.

Getting money out of big money, out of politics. Do you think that's a radical idea?

Well, I mean, yeah, it's a popular idea. It's an idea that makes sense. But in order to implement it and actually make it happen requires, I mean, to flip the system upside down, right? In that sense, it's radical.

In that sense it's radical. But if you go to walk down the street here and you say, do you think billionaires should be able to spend as much money as they want to buy Politicians, I would say nine out of 10 people say, that's crazy. That's not what America is supposed to be about. So in that sense, it's certainly not radical. Let's talk about health care. Go out on the street, do it, or do a poll. I've done the polling. Is health care a human right? Should every American be able to go to a doctor when they need, regardless of their income? You know what people say? I would say about 85, 90% of the people say, of course, the idea that healthcare is a human right available to all exists, Lex, in every major country on earth except the United States. So you're here with me in Burlington, Vermont, right? If you got a car, go 50 miles north to Canada, walk to the Canadian, you know, walk into Canada and ask people, when you go to the hospital, how much does it cost you? Which kind of bill? And they say, what are you talking about? It doesn't cost us anything. It doesn't cost us a nickel. That's the case in virtually every country in Europe. So the idea that healthcare should be available to all, that there should be no out of pocket expense because it's a human right is widespread around the world and very much agreed to in this country. Bottom line is that because of our corrupt political system, we have a healthcare system designed not to provide health care to all people, to make huge profits for the drug companies and the insurance companies. And that is what's happening. And we gotta change that system. So I'm a strong advocate and I've led the effort on Medicare for all.

Okay, let's talk about Medicare for all. If you could snap your fingers today and implement the best possible health care system for the United States of America, what would that look like?

Well, we have a pretty good system, not great, but a pretty good system in Medicare. So it's there for the elderly. And Lyndon Johnson passed that in the 1960s, a huge step forward. It is being chopped away by the private insurance companies through Medicare Advantage. But if you strengthen Medicare and you do away with the kind of deductibles that seniors now have to pay and you do away with other stuff and you say, basically right now you're a senior in America, go to any doctor you want. When you're in the hospital, Medicare will pay the entire bill. If you expand Medicare to cover dental, hearing and vision, which it doesn't now cover, you do all of those things and then the next thing you do is say, okay, to be eligible for Medicare now you have to be 65. First year we're going to lower it to 55, then we'll lower it to 45, then we'll lower it to 35, then we'll have everybody in the system. So I think in a four or five year period you can strengthen Medicare and have everybody in the system. And when you do that, and this is not just me talking, number of studies have pointed this out. When you take the profit motive out of it from the insurance companies and the drug companies, you can end up providing quality care to all people at no more than we're spending right now because right now we are spending twice as much per person in healthcare as the people of any other nation. Incredibly wasteful system.

So the way to pay for the system is to increase taxes. But you're saying if you cut that cost and increase the taxes, you're saying it's going to.

I've gotten my share of 30 second ads attacking me on this. Bernie Sanders wants to raise your taxes on health care. It's true in a progressive way. But right now, do you have health insurance?

Yes.

Okay, somebody's paying for your health insurance. It depends if you are working, most people get their health insurance through their jobs. Okay? So if you're working for a large company, your employer is paying your health insurance and by the way, that comes out of your wages. Health care costs in America are very high. And your employer will tell you honestly, look, I can't give you more than a 3% wage increase because I got a 10% increase in your health care costs. You want that? Or if you're union negotiating, you know what they'll say, hey, you want decent wages, we're going to have to cut back on your health care. That's what every union has to deal with, you know, every, every negotiating session. So we're paying for it through employers out of pocket. We pay through it through Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Administration, et cetera. What I am proposing is really not radical. It's what exists in Canada or other countries. It is publicly funded. Like the police departments and like libraries are like public education. This is publicly funded in a progressive way. So right now, rather than paying out of your own pocket, if you are a family, let's just say you're self employed right now and you are, you know, you want, you have a couple of kids and a wife. It could cost you 15, $20,000 a year in insurance cost. Well, that's all eliminated. Will you have to pay more in taxes? Of course you will. Maybe it depends on your income level. But it could be that you'd be paying $12,000 more in taxes but not $20,000 more in premiums, co payments and deductibles. You save money, so it's paying taxes rather than paying money to the insurance company. You got a better deal through the tax system.

So the most painful thing in today's system is these surprise bills. The number one cause of bankruptcy and the psychological pain that comes from that just wor stressed in debt.

You got it.

And just basically afraid constantly of getting sick because you don't know if insurance is going to cover it. And if you're not insured, you don't know how much it's going to cost. So you're not going to go to the hospital even if there's something wrong with you, if there's pain and all that. So you just live in a state of fear, psychological fear. That's the number one problem. It's just not just financial psychological.

Look, and I think you said it very well, I'm chairman of the committee that deals with this stuff. So I talk to a lot of doctors and doctors in Vermont and all over this country tell me that they are Astounded. People walk into their offices much sicker than they should have been. And the doctor said, why didn't you come here six months ago when you first felt your symptoms? And they said, well, I have a high deductible. I have a $10,000 deductible. I don't have any money to pay. I'm uninsured. Some of those people don't make it. Other people, and this is what is totally crazy, they end up in the hospital, huge expense to the system, rather than getting the care they need when they needed it. So that is how. I'll give you another example of it. We pay the highest prices in the world for prescription drugs. One out of four Americans can't afford the drugs their doctors prescribe. So you walk into the doctor's office, they say, okay, Lex, you got this, that and the other thing. Here's a prescription. You can't afford to fill it. What happens? You get sick, you end up in the emergency room, which is an extremely expensive proposition. Okay? Or you end up in the hospital rather than dealing with the problem when it occurs. And what is not talked about. I mentioned earlier how we don't talk about some of the major issues. The estimate is that some 60,000 people in America die every single year unnecessarily because they can't get to a doctor when they need, because of financial reasons. And you want to hear it even crazier. One out of four people who get cancer treatment in this country either go bankrupt or deplete their financial resources or their family. So your point is, right? You know, if somebody diagnoses you with cancer, you're scared to death. You're worried about how you're going to live, you're going to die, what's going to happen. And then on top of that, you got to worry about whether your family goes bankrupt. How insane and cruel is that? So to me, you know, I think healthcare is what unites us all. Everybody has family. They get sick, we all get born, we all die. We all want care. And we all have got to come together to create a system that works for all of us, not just the drug companies or the insurance companies.

There's just so many stories, and not even the horrific stories. There's countless horrific stories, but just basic stories of cost. Like my friend, a doctor, Peter Attia, has this story where he happens to be wealthy, so he can afford it, but he had to take his son to the emergency room, and the son was dehydrated, and the bill was $6,000 they just did a basic test and gave him an iv, a basic thing. And he has really good insurance, and the insurance covered $4,000 of it. So he had to, at the end pay $2,000 for a basic emergency room visit. And there's a lot of families for whom that one visit for such a simple thing would be just financially devastating.

And you know what, people know that. And you know what they say, you know, I don't feel well today, something's wrong. I ain't going to go to that emergency room because I don't want a $6,000 bill. And what happens, he had insurance that paid two thirds of it, right?

Yes.

So what happens if he didn't? What happens if he didn't have money? He'd be hounded by bill collectors for the rest of his life. So it is a disgusting system, it is an inhumane system. But, you know, the insurance companies and the drug companies are very powerful and they make a lot of campaign contributions, have a lot of lobbyists than we are where we are. But, you know, I think, you know, the American people want fundamental changes there.

So that's another good example of a really popular idea that is not implemented because of the money impulse.

That's a wonder. And I'll tell you that not only that, not only is it not implemented because of money, it's not even discussed. All right, so I'm saying here, and no one disputes me, we are spending twice as much per person on healthcare, right? And yet 85 million Americans are uninsured or underinsured, and our life expectancy is lower than virtually every other major country. Do you think that might be an issue that we'd be discussing?

Again, if a single politician discusses it, they get punished for it. So there needs to be a mass movement. And probably, I mean, from my perspective, it has to come from the very top. It has to come from the president. And the president has to be a populist president where they don't care about the parties with the rich people. They just speak out because they know it's a popular message and they know it's the right thing. So speaking of that, you had a historic campaign run for President in 2016, and in the eyes of many people, mine included, you were screwed over by the DNC, especially the WikiLeaks emails showed. What's your just looking back feelings about that? Are you angry? Are you upset?

Yeah, of course I'm angry and of course I'm upset. But when you take on, in this case, the Democratic establishment who have controlled Their party forever the moneyed interest in the Democratic Party. You're taking on corporate America when you're taking on the corporate media and when you're calling for a political revolution that creates a government that works for all and not just the few, the opposition is going to be extraordinary. But what I am extremely proud of from that campaign in 2020 as well is that we took on the anointed candidate of the establishment. And we showed, you know, we showed, despite the fact the entire establishment I had in the Senate, I had one supporter, there were 50 Democrats. I had one supporter. I had no governors supporting me. I think maybe a few people in the House. But we took on the whole political establishment and we did, you know, got millions of votes. And the ideas that we brought forth were ideas that they had to eventually deal with in one way or another. And if you look at the American Rescue plan, which I'm proud to have helped write during the midst of COVID a lot of the ideas that we fought for were implemented in that bill, and I want to make them obviously permanent.

And you almost won. And a lot of people thought that you would win against Donald Trump.

I think we would have. I think we would have. You know, I think Trump is a very, you know, I think he's a little bit crazy, between you and me, but he is a smart politician, and he's appealing to a lot of the anger that working class people feel. And you know what? Working class people should feel angry, but they should make sure that their anger is directed in the right direction and not against people who are even worse off than they are, which is what demagogues like Trump always do. So, you know, I think we had, as I went around the country then and now, we have a lot of support from working class people who understand that there is something wrong. And this is an incredible fact that no one talks about. All right, I'm going to ask you a question. Are you ready for this, Lex? Let's go. Here we go. Over the last 50 years, there's been a massive increase in worker productivity as a result of technology. Right. Everyone agrees that. And it's. I don't know exactly what is, but the worker today is producing a lot more than the work of 50 years ago. Doing something similar. Is the worker today, in real inflation, accounted for dollars making more money than that worker 50 years ago?

Well, there's a lot of close arguments there, but your point is well taken. It's either the same or a little bit higher or a little bit lower, depending on the statistics. It has not increased significantly and the wealth inequality has increased significantly.

That is the point. So you would think that if a worker is producing a lot more, that worker would be better off, would be working lesser hours, et cetera. That hasn't been the case. And what has happened in that 50 years is according to the Rand Corporation, there has been a 50 trillion, trillion with a T redistribution of wealth from the bottom 90% to the top 1%. So you got CEOs today making 300 times more than their workers. You got three people on top owning more wealth than the bottom half of American society. So that's why people are angry and they're worried that their kids may have a lower standard of living than they in the wealthiest country in the history of the world. So there's a lot of anger out there. And I think we tap some of that anger in a constructive way, essentially saying, you know what, we don't need so few to have so much in wealth and power. Let's distribute it more fairly in America.

I gotta get back to 2016 because it's such a historic moment. So there's a lot of fans of yours that wanted you to keep fighting because you forgave in the end, the establishment and joined them in support. And your fans wanted you to keep fighting for a takeover, for progressive takeover of the Democratic Party. If you just look back and had to do it all over again, what.

Would you do different? Well, by the way, in terms of a takeover of the Democratic Party, we did try, we ran. Do you know who Keith Ellison is? Keith is now the Attorney General of the state of Minnesota. He's doing a great job, really, one of the outstanding Attorney Generals in the country. And Keith was then a member of Congress. And we ran Keith to become the head of the DNC and the establishment from the President of the United States on down, went crazy. And they beat him by a few votes, not a whole lot. So it's look you face and you know, that's the exact same position that many of us are in right today. So people say, well, why did you support Hillary Clinton? Yeah, what's the alternative? Donald Trump? I think Donald Trump is an extremely dangerous person trying to undermine American democracy. So I can't support him. You know, Hillary Clinton, obviously his views are very, very different than mine. But that in that moment, you know, that's where politics becomes really tricky and it ain't easy. And you know, sometimes you have to do things that you're not really all that excited about. But I think it was right to Try to do what I could to prevent Trump from getting elected. And in 2020, I did the same with Biden, and we had more success with Biden than we had with Clinton.

Well, there's this interesting story about a long time coming meeting between you and Obama in 2018, I believe so. Ari Rabenhoft, who was a former deputy campaign manager, wrote a great book, I would say, about you, called the Fighting Soul on the Road with Bernie Sanders. And he tells many great stories, but one of them is your meeting with Obama. And he says that Obama told you.

Bernie.

I wish I could do a good Obama impression. Bernie, you're an Old Testament prophet, a moral voice for our party, giving us guidance. Here's the thing, though. Prophets don't get to be king. Kings have to make choices. Prophets don't. Are you willing to make those choices? Basically, Obama was making the case that you have to sort of moderate your approach in order to win. So was Obama right?

Look, and again, that's why politics is very, very fascinating. Sometimes you can run and lose and you really win if your goal is not just individual power, but transforming society. One of my heroes you mentioned, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Who is one of my heroes. Another one of my heroes is Eugene Victor Debs. Did that ring a bell? Yeah.

Yes.

Okay.

For many reasons, yes.

All right, Debs. Many listeners may not know who Debs was. Debs was a union organizer in the early 1900s, helped formed the American Railway Union, ran for president, I think five times. Ran the last time while he was in a jail cell because of his opposition to World War I and got a million votes doing that. Debs lost badly in every race that he ran. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran for president. And much of what Roosevelt ended up doing was at least some of what Debs had talked about. Debs helped lay the groundwork for ideas. So sometimes you can lose and win if you're into transforming society. What my view is, where I disagree with Obama is I think you have got to raise consciousness among ordinary people. And when people know what's going on and are prepared in an organized way to fight for change, they can make incredible changes. And we've seen that in recent years. Today we take for granted we have a woman running for president of the United States who I'm supporting. We have had other women running for president. We have women governors and senators, not so many years ago in the United States senate, there were 98 men, two women. All right? Even before that, 1920, it was when women got the Right to vote. How did that change? How did women's role in society change it? Change because women and their male allies stood up in forts. Gay rights. Old enough to remember that anybody I knew who was gay, you think they would talk about it, come out about it? No, they wouldn't. That's changed. We have seen, you know, in terms of civil rights, massive changes. Change happens when people at the grassroots level demand that. We talked about healthcare a moment ago. We will get universal Medicare for all when millions of people make it clear that's what they want. So I believe politics starts at the grassroots level and that's how you gotta bring about change.

So just to go back to Obama, though, in many ways he too is a singular historic figure in American politics who has brought about a lot of change. He's a symbol, I think that will be remembered for a long time. What do you admire most about Obama?

Well, I know him. We're not best friends, but I know him well and we chat every once in a while. First of all, don't underestimate what it was in 2008 to be the first black president in the history of this country. And I think few would deny that. He's an extraordinarily intelligent guy, very, very articulate, one of the best speakers that there is in America and that he and his family. And again, it's a lot harder than it looks. He and his family for eight years, that's his wife Michelle and his kids, really held that office in, in a way that earned I think the respect of the American people, even if people disagree with him politically. So he deserves, and again, don't ever, don't underestimate. I think, you know, years ago there were people who said a black president in our lifetimes, never going to happen, can't happen. Too racist the country. He did it and that is a huge accomplishment. And I think, you know, he has had some significant achievements in his presidential tenure. He and I, you know, did disagree on a number of issues. I think he will tell you, I think his public stance is that yeah, if you had to start all over again, he would do Medicare for all single payer. But where we are right now, the best he could do is the Affordable Care Act. Well, we disagree on that and we disagreed on other things. But you know, I think he deserves an enormous amount of credit for what he has accomplished.

And he like you also gave a damn good speech opposing the Iraq war before, before running for president. And that takes courage.

Yes, it does.

But then it also shows that once you get into office. It's not so easy to oppose or to work against the military industrial complex.

It is very hard. People do not fully appreciate how powerful the establishment is. Whether it is the healthcare industry, whether it's the military industrial complex, whether it's the fossil fuel industry. These people have unlimited amounts of money. They are very smart lobbyists in Washington D.C. and they are very, very greedy people. They want it all.

I have to ask you about capitalism, the pros and cons. So you wrote a book, it's okay to be angry about Capitalism. That is a thorough, rigorous criticism of, I would say hyper capitalism.

Yes, that's right.

A certain kind of capitalism that you argue that we are existing in today in the United States. But a lot of people would attribute to capitalism all the amazing technological innovations over the past 70 plus years that have contributed to increase in quality of life, in gdp, in decrease in poverty, decrease in infant mortality, increase in expected life, life expectancy. So what are the sort of, how do you see the tension? The pros of capitalism and the cons of capitalism.

Some of my European friends, they say, Bernie, in the United States you're considered to be very radical. If you were here in France or Denmark or someplace, you'd be kind of mainstream left guy, not all that radical. So this is what I think. I mean, I think the best that we could do right now, where we are right now, is to create a society which does two things. It encourages innovation, but at the same time it makes sure that all people in a wealthy nation have a decent standard of living. In some countries, if you look at Scandinavian, and this shocks people because we don't talk about this at all. So in Scandinavia it has been the case, you know, Denmark, Finland, Norway for years, that people have healthcare, that's not a big deal. You end up in the hospital. So what? They don't pay a bill. You have, and this shocks people. In America right now, we have people who get one week, two weeks off paid vacation. Sometimes people get nothing. You know that there are people out there who have no vacation roll. You know, in Germany you got get six weeks paid vacation and other holidays as well. People are shocked by that. In America we don't have paid family and medical leave. The only major country not to do it, you know, other countries, you know, your wife gets sick, you stay home with her, your kids get sick, not a big deal. You get a certain amount of paid family and medical leave. Cost of prescription drugs are far more affordable. So what you want to do is create what's called a Social safety net. That means I don't care what your income is. Of course you're going to have health care is a human right. Of course you're going to have housing that is affordable. Of course your kids are going to have great quality education from childcare to university without much cost. You know, every country has a little bit different, but there are countries in the world right now, I think in Germany, I think college is now tuition free. As I recall, for obvious reasons, they want to have the best educated workforce they can. So in terms of government playing a role in a civilized democratic society of providing all basic needs, healthcare, education, housing, retirement benefits, yes, that is what we've got to do. Now does that mean then that the government is going to run every mom and pop store on the corner? Of course not. You want innovation, you want, you know, you want to go out and start a business, produce a product, good luck to you, make money. But on the other hand, in terms of even making money, we want you to be able to do that, come up with good products, good services. But do I think you should end up with $100 billion? No, I don't. And you know what's funny? I did an interview with Bill Gates, who's I think the third wealthiest guy in the country, struggling behind Musk and Bezos, I think, and he's only worth 100 plus billion, but he gets by. And I said to him, bill, he was supposed to ask me questions. I asked him the question. I said, bill, tell me something. You're an innovator with Microsoft and all that stuff. Did you know that you'd become a multibillionaire? And was that motivated you, that one motivated you? And he said no. And I believe he was. Honestly, I love doing what I love programming and I was a kid, he started doing that. He loved it. He was motivated by it. Do you think that there are scientists out there who work day and night trying to develop drugs to deal with Alzheimer's or cancer, that they're motivated? Oh boy. If I come up with this drug, I'm become a billionaire. So I think, you know, we want to reward success, fine, but you don't need a billion dollars. We want people to get satisfaction from what they accomplish, the work they're doing, whether it's cleaning the street or developing a new, you know, drug. So I think we have gone a little bit too far. And you're right in talking about the book was an attack on, I called you call it hyper capitalism or uber capitalism. But right now, and this is not An American issue. This is a global issue. You know, it's not an accident that Musk is over there in Saudi Arabia talking to the, you know, trillionaire families in the Mideast. These guys are with Putin and his friends. You got probably not more than, you know, 5, 10,000 extraordinarily wealthy families who have unbelievable economic power. Over 7 billion people on this planet.

Well, Elon Musk is actually an interesting case because he's investing all the money back into the businesses. So I think there is a balance to be struck, and you just spoke to it, which is we can still celebrate even big companies that are bringing wealth to the world, that are building cool stuff, that are improving quality of life. But we can question of why is it that the working class does not have a living wage in many cases, and sort of trying to find that balance.

That's right. That is the story. Look, I am no great fan of Elon Musk, especially in the role that he's playing right now in Trump's campaign. But is he a brilliant guy? Of course he is. Does he work like a dog? Of course he does. Does he come up with these incredible innovations in companies? Yes, he does. Does he deserve credit for that? Yeah, he does. But, you know, even in terms of encouraging innovation, I would hope that we are focusing on the important issues. I would love to see great innovators figure out how we build the affordable housing that we need, come up with the great drugs that we need to solve many of the terrible illnesses that plague people. Climate change, for God's sakes. All right, do we need innovation? You know, we're making good, some progress in this country. Should we do more? What kind of technologies out there can really cut back on carbon emissions? So, you know, I hope we focus on some of the most important issues that impact humanity, but, you know, reward innovators, I don't have a problem with that. But I do have a problem when three people end up owning more wealth at the bottom half of American society.

Maybe you can briefly speak to something you tweeted recently about Donald Trump going to McDonald's and the minimum wage, I believe, of seven and a half dollars. Can you just speak to that tweet?

Look, nothing new. Trump didn't invent it. It's called a photo opportunity. I've done one or two in my life, too. So you go to a place, he puts on an apron, he good old Donald Trump. Just another McDonald's worker. But anyhow, he was civilian. He did his photo op. That's fine, Kamala. Harris was in North Carolina handing out food to people who were victims of the, the hurricane. Fine. That's what politicians do. But some reporter asked them, they said, you know, Mr. Trump, are you for raising the minimum wage? And that was a fair question because you got, I don't know how many, but many, Many thousands of McDonald's workers and millions of other American workers right now are trying to get by on 9, 10, 11 bucks an hour. Federal minimum wage is 7 and a quarter. You have people working in McDonald's right now for sure who are working for 12, 13 bucks an hour. So the reporter said, how, you know, what do you think about raising the federal minimum wage? And he's, oh, these are great workers, I love McDonald's, so forth. He didn't answer the question. Well, I think that in the richest country in the history of the world, if you work 40 hours a week, you should not be living in poverty. And that means we should have a federal minimum wage. Not absurdly seven and a quarter an hour, but in my view, $17 an hour. Will that solve all the economic problems for working class people? No, it won't. It'll help. It'll help.

Since running for president, you've often been attacked, especially from the right, about being worth, I believe $2 million and owning three houses. So from my perspective, the answer to that is most of your wealth has been earned from writing books and selling those books. And you are one of the most famous politicians in the world. And so your wealth in the context in comparison to other people of that fame level and other politicians is actually quite modest. So what's your response usually to those attacks?

Do I own three residences? Yeah, I do. I live here in Burlington, Vermont. We live in a middle class neighborhood, nice house. Guess what? I'm a United States Senator and I own a home in Washington D.C. as do most centers. You know, you live there year after year. When I first went to, actually when I was in Congress for 16 years, I rented all the time. But I got elected. Okay, got a six year term. You know what, let's buy a house. So we bought a house and guess what? Like many thousands of people in the state of Vermont, I have a summer camp, it's a nice one on Lake Champlain. That's it. Now how did I get the money? You're right. I wrote two best selling books, including this book on capitalism. It was New York Times bestseller for a while. And also another book was a youth book. And I make, I don't know, 175,000 a year. And that's more or less how I became the zillionaire that I am.

I should also mention that sometimes the word mansion is used and I think your residences are quite modest.

At least they're normal houses in Brooklyn. They're not, you know, they're middle class houses. Very nice house.

So when you started in politics, I read you're worth $1,100.

That much?

Yeah, that much. That's right. Has the increase in wealth changed your ability to relate to the working class?

Well, that's a good question. And obviously growing up in a working class family has been maybe the most singularly significant aspect of my politics. It's, you know, I grew up without money in a family that lived in a rent controlled apartment in Brooklyn, New York. So that has impacted me. I'll tell you. I don't really give a damn about money. I drive a car that's 11 years old. You know, it's an old car and money. Here's my jewelry. It's a solar watch.

Nice.

And my wedding ring. That's about it. I don't have a Rolex watch, would not be interested in it. It. But I'll tell you what has impacted me. My wife, who also grew up in a working class family, will tell you the same. We don't worry. You raise that issue, you know, if we have to go to the doctor, if our kids have to go to the doctor, we go to the doctor. I don't stay up nights worrying. I used to, there was a time I have to worry about how to pay my electric bill. I don't worry about that anymore. So what has happened, that stress, that economic stress of not worrying about a financial disaster that's gone. And that is enormous. I, you know, maybe as much or more than any other member of the Senate, work hard not only for, but with working class people. I'm chairman of the committee, deals with labor issues. We have been involved probably in dozens of strikes all over this country. I've been on picket lines. So, you know, I do my best. It's a very easy trap to fall into. You can get separate, separated from ordinary people and their struggles. Not hard to do. I try as hard as I can not to do that.

So sometimes people say, can money buy happiness? I think I agree with you. That worry, sort of being able to fill up your car and not worry about how much it's going to cost or be able to get food for dinner and not worry about how much it's going to cost or even, you know, I've been very. I've been poor most of my life and I've been very fortunate recently to have enough wealth to not worry about healthcare, to have insurance and be able to afford an emergency room visit. And that worry is just such a giant lift off your shoulders.

Lexi, I think you said it very well. I remember even though, and I saw this change in myself when I used to go out and I do the grocery shop, my wife does a lot of the cooking, I do the grocery shop. I used to look at the prices of everything. I do that less now. I said, what the hell? So What? It cost $0.50 more for this can of stuff. So what? But that's a luxury you have when you don't have to worry about that. And I don't have to worry about it. But your point is, again, to me, I don't like big fancy cars or big fancy homes. Don't go on. My wife will tell you we've not been on a real vacation for God knows how long because I work pretty hard. But the major thing about having money, which is enormously important, is just what you said. I don't have to worry if somebody in my family gets sick. I don't have to worry about that. I don't have to worry about putting food on the table or paying the mortgage. So that's what money has done.

Okay, let me ask you about the future of the Democratic Party. So one of the biggest impacts you've had.