In this lecture, the speaker first walks through a step‑by‑step numerical example that determines how much coal (in kg, tonnes, and metric tonnes per year) is saved when an 8,000 kW hydroelectric plant operates at full annual hours (8,760 h) and displaces a thermal plant with a heat rate of 3,500 kJ/kWh and coal calorific value of 4,000 kJ/kg. The calculation multiplies plant capacity by operating hours to obtain annual energy (≈7.08 × 10⁷ kWh), then converts that to heat energy using the thermal heat rate, and finally divides by the coal’s calorific value to derive the coal mass saved (≈6.13 × 10³ kg, with equivalent ton and metric‑ton figures). After the numerical exercise, the speaker shifts to a conceptual overview of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems. They explain that CHP captures waste heat from electricity generation (which conventional plants lose 50‑70 % of fuel energy) and uses it for industrial processes, space heating, cooling, etc., raising overall fuel‑to‑useful‑energy efficiency from 30‑45 % (conventional) to 70‑90 % (CHP). The discussion covers the types of CHP configurations, primary fuel options (oil, gas, coal), main equipment (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, steam turbines, heat‑recovery units), the two‑step energy conversion process, efficiency formulas, and a comparative table of performance, emissions, cost, flexibility, and complexity versus conventional plants. Finally, the speaker lists typical applications (industrial steam, cement plants, hospitals, universities, food‑beverage processing) and highlights the environmental (CO₂ reduction, lower fuel impact) and economic (lower fuel cost per kWh, higher overall efficiency) benefits of CHP.
Chapters
So the question 4, read first of all, understand the question. What is the question curing? This type of the question should be coming. So compute the kg weight of the coal saved per annual of the hydroelectric power plant operating in the annual average capacity of the 8000 kilowatt supporting to the fuel consumptions or substituting thermal plant in 3500 coal kilowatt per hour, and the quality of the coal is characterized by 4. So, so follow that question, and this is the given data capacity of the coal. We have, uh, 8000 kilowatt and annual operating hour annual operating hour, they have been 8,760 hours in a year. And thermal power plant heat reductions 3,500, and calorific value of the coal is 4,000. So during solution, first of all, we will find out the annual, annual energy Annual energy, which is the formula of power multiplied by time. The power multiplied by time— power is actually overhead. The power is 8,000 and the time is 8,760. However, they have been multiplied by— the final result should be coming 7.08 multiply by 10 kerosene. So after that, calculate the heat equivalent heat rejection required by the thermal power plant. The heat energy is equal to annual energy multiply by thermal heat rate. Annual energy result should be find out. This is the annual energy. This is annual energy, and that is the multiply by with the thermal heat. Although the thermal heat is actually given on that given data, so multiply these value and find out the total heat energy, total heat energy. And after that, calculate the mass of the coal. The mass of the coal formula is equal to mass of coal is equal to multiply heat energy required divided by calorific value of the coal. The calorific value of the coal is also given in the डाटा बट द हीट एनर्जी रिक्वायर्ड हीट एनर्जी रिक्वायर्ड वी शुड बी लास्ट स्टेप फॉलो और फाइंड आउट द हीट एनर्जी हीट एनर्जी डिवाइडिंग बाय दिस वैल्यू एंड द फाइनल आंसर शुड बी क्यूरिंग द मास ऑफ़ द कोल 6.13132 मल्टीप्लाई बाय सेम सेम रेशियो 77 किग्राम ऑफ़ द ईयर्स इफ़ दिस इ There are three solutions of the kg, and then one then is the ton, and after that is the metric ton per year. This is the numerical. So moving to the next numerical, which is the actually question five combined heat power plant. So the combined heat power plant configuration system. The combined heat power plant is also a configuration of a high-efficiency energy conversion technology that simultaneously generates the electricity and usually for the thermal energy from the single fuel source in one integration process. Integrate with the wastage of the heat reject during the generations, CHP system is captured with the utility— utilize the industrial process space heating. domestic heat and abstract cooling. So the working principle, if we understand the working principle, this combined heating system, the, in a convert, the conventional power plant is only 3 to 45% of the fuel energy used in the electricity. Remaining 50 to 70% is, uh, 50 to 55 to 70% is useless during the wastage of the heat in environment, cooling towers, and exhaust gases. In the CHP system, is this system waste to the heat is captured, but they productive use rising the rising overall the utility efficiency 70 to 90%. The actual system then working at the 30 to 45%, but the CHP system is the going to 70 to 80% because they are using the वेस्टेज एनर्जी अगेन यूटिलाइजेशन प्रोसेस। सो द सिस्टम ऑफ़ दैट डायग्राम, CHP सिस्टम। फर्स्ट ऑफ़ ऑल, वी विल फाइंड आउट व्हाट आर द टाइप्स ऑफ़ द CHP सिस्टम। सो CHP सिस्टम डायग्राम इन पावर plant. So this kind of the system should be actually working. They are all the simple system they are using industrial states, they are using in commercial areas, and many others. Now fuel input— oil, gas, coal— doesn't matter, depends on the your boiler and your generation of steam generation systems. Then the primarily move to the gas turbines, reciprocating engines, reciprocating engine or steam turbines. They are working in the 2 steps. Step 1 is the simple way that are the moving the shaft. Shaft should be generated electricity and electricity can be generating the output by using distribution lines. And the step 2 is one— step 2 is the exhaust gases and steam— exhaust gases and steam heat recovery units. H H R U unit systems, and then they should be used on the fuel heat output process of the steam heat water or heating in cooling in any systems or of commercial buildings or areas. The fuel utilized and thermal efficiency, which is the formula that and the efficiency of the commercial heat power plant, commercial heat plants. Is equal to the work done of the electricity and charge of the useful fuels, heat of the useful fuels dividing by heat of the fuels. That this is the seventy to ninety percent of the efficiency should be find out during these systems, and after that we will be follow that combination of the CHP system and commercial commercial. Power plant and conventional power plants. The commercial power plant is the use commercial conventional power plant thirty to forty five percent, but the commercial seventy to eighty percent of the fuel efficiency. The heat utilize the heat utilize wastage cooling tower use the power process and heating. The CO2 emissions high and the CHP system forty five to sixty percent. And the lowest, uh, overall the system cost. The fuel cost per kilowatt or hour, the conventional system high but the commercial system low. And the flexibility is the power, power only. There are the power plus heat sustainability. And the system complexity, simple, similar, but the more complex because they are using the further step to utilize the energy Utilize the wastage of the heat. And the best applications of the grid power plant, grid power plant, but the conventional system using in the commercial system using, commercial system using in the industries, bakery, hospitals, and some other buildings. The grid dependency on the high and this dependency on the lowest. So industrial application for the CHP system that are the using on the steam generations, electricity power plants operations, and prepare the plug and builds a high-pressure system cooling the process and plus power. And the then the cement plants, cement plant that the waste of the heat from the Killing, killing recovered the purchasing preheating systems and preheating and electricity. And the hospital and universities, they are the CHP system used. They are flexible, used for hand-on equipment for flexible and operation monitoring. Very easy to understand that. And after that, the food बेवरेज सिस्टम्स प्रोसेसिंग द प्लांट्स दे आर द फूड बेवरेज इंडस्ट्रीज आल्सो यूजिंग दिस टाइप ऑफ़ द चीएचपी सिस्टम एनवायरनमेंटल एंड इकोनॉमिक बेनिफिट दे आर 40-60 परसेंट बेस्ट सीओटू इमिशन दे आर कवर द एनवायरनमेंट डिजीज़ रिड्यूस द नेशनल फ्यूल इम्पैक्ट इम्प्रूव and reduce the transformation losses and power generation. Close the point on that. So
