Scarlett Johansson vs OpenAI, Nvidia's trillion-dollar problem, the "vibecession," plastic in our balls

I just want to be clear here. I'm trying to do a docket and we have to put the kibosh on this insanity of the soap opera that is becoming opening AI Sacks because every week it's three, four, five stories. Have you seen what's happened this week?

Yeah, of course.

Got to catch the audience up here. Let's catch the audience up on what's happened here. This week on General AI Hospital. Is Sam Altman's job security in jeopardy? Whose data this time.

What did Ilya see?

Why isn't he talking about it?

And with our special guest, will our.

Special guest get her revenge? General AI Hospital, brought to you by the Drama Queens at OpenAI.

Wow. Did that land? Who made that?

That was great. Did you make that?

Yeah, that was me.

10 out of 10.

That was great. That was my idea, but Nick's and Lan's execution. So shout out to Nick Callicanis.

You finally landed the plane.

Broken clocks right twice twice a day.

Took four years. That was awesome.

Broken clock is right twice a day. The Jason Calicani stole. That's my autobiographer.

Let your Winners ride.

Rain Man, David Sax.

And I said, we open sources to the fans, and they've just gone crazy with it.

Love you, West.

Queen of Kin.

But seriously, there was a big drama, Sax. I don't know if you saw this. But you couldn't have missed it with the ScarJo. So they made an emergency, they had an emergency meeting, got all the developers together, and they've reset. They took Scarlett Johansson out and they got a new person, I think arguably better.

I'm FreeBerg, I'm curious your take on this. It's a better- Hey, GBD, how's it going?

Good, good. Yeah, good week, what's going on?

I'm doing fine.

I'm gonna be a father real soon, and I think I can have your help with some dad jokes.

I'm going to tell you a joke.

And you tell me if it passes.

As a dad joke.

I've never done that before.

All right. What do you call a giant pile of kittens?

Give it to me.

A mew-nton.

No, didn't quite land.

All right, there it is, folks.

If you want, you could switch to sexy poo. So just go into open- I think.

They stole my voice now.

Yeah, they stole yours. Go into open AI, go to voices, and then just pick sexy poo. It's right there between Putin and Tucker. Putin, sexy food Tucker. You can find all your favorite MAGA guests on the number one MAGA program, all in podcast. Here we go. All right, we're off to a strong start here. Everybody's in a good mood. Let's keep the good times rolling here, and let's go over the ScarJo saga to recap. If you're living under a rock this week, it came out that OpenAI, specifically Sam Altman, contacted Scarlett Johansson multiple times about lending her voice for one of OpenAI's chatbots. Obviously, you know, she famously was the voice Samantha in the awesome film Her. And according to ScarJo, Altman told her she could, quote, bridge the gap between tech companies and creatives and help consumers to feel comfortable with the seismic shift concerning humans and AI, and that her voice, quote, would be comforting to people. Although she declined the offer, OpenAI released a chatbot named Skye, which had a similar voice to ScarJo's. According to ScarJo, her friends and family thought the voice was her. She released a statement, yada yada. On May 13th, the day OpenAI launched ChatGPT 4.0, Omni, which we talked about last week, Altman tweeted, Her. A reference to the film. Obviously now Scarjo is threatening legal action against OpenAI. Altman put out a statement apologizing and saying the voice was never intended to resemble hers. His quote, we're sorry to Miss Johansson that we didn't communicate better. OpenAI showed documents to the Washington Post that confirmed the voice was provided by a different actress who is anonymous. Post reporters also spoke to the unnamed actress's agent. who confirmed the story. I guess, Sacks, you sent us a comparison clip. Maybe we start there and see what we think.

Yeah.

Do you guys think they sound the same?

I can understand and generate human-like text pretty well. It really depends on what you're looking for in an assistant, what specific tasks. When I was like, oh, sexuality, like, I was like, open my eyes to.

Like, some other thing.

Samantha.

Babe, where'd you get that name from? I gave it to myself, actually.

What do you think?

I think it sounds pretty darn similar.

Dead on.

I mean, I don't know if it's dead on. Honestly, it sounds like a digitally altered version of her voice. That's what it sounds like.

It sounds like they didn't get it perfect, right? Like they got it to what, 90%?

It sounds like it was her voice, but then they changed it. So either that, or they hired a voice actor who sounds like her. And that's what the company has said, is that they hired a voice actor, but they won't tell us who the voice actor is. They said because of privacy concerns, which doesn't quite make sense to me, because when you hire an actor, they want the credit, you know?

Yeah.

So get more work. The company could just clear this whole thing up by saying exactly who the voice actor is, and why wouldn't the voice actor want that? You know, what does she doesn't exist?

Oh, oh, oh.

She was a general open AI. Wait, they made this actress up?

I mean, she doesn't exist. Of course, it's a digitally altered version of Scarjo. And they got caught. Okay. Cookie jar.

This is why Sam's call to Scarlet's agents or her two days before they launched is such a damning piece of evidence because it sounds like he's trying to shut the barn door on something they've already done, right? They've got this demo ready. They're gonna launch it in two days. They're realizing maybe they don't have the rights to use her voice. So you have to contact her to get those rights. But anyone who knows anything about Hollywood knows you're not gonna be able to make a deal with a major star to use their name and likeness In two days, it's impossible. So this seems like a really crazy thing to do. I mean, I think the mere fact that he contacted them and then tweeted out her, which shows that Scarlet was on the brain. Those are really damning pieces of evidence, I think, in this lawsuit. And I think it's going to feed into her case.

I think, look, here's the thing. This company is going to go down in the history books in one part because the technical inventions that they've created are just Next level and frankly created an entire industry. And I think they deserve a ton of credit for that. But they're also going to be written into the history books for two other things that are probably less aspirational. I think the first is that there's just all kinds of dust ups and unnecessary drama that just seem to kick around every few weeks or months. And then the second is that sheer quantum of value capture that the employees have seen through secondaries before a fully functional business has been really created. And so I think it explains why folks circle the wagons consistently. It's a very, I think it's a very rational organization. They're technically ahead of everybody else. A lot of people want to put in money at, you know, crazy prices. A bunch of that value is transferred immediately to the employees. who circle the wagons and do what's necessary to keep the taps flowing. And I think that that explains the whole thing. And I think that that explains many Silicon Valley companies, quite honestly.

Circle the wagons, defend the company, sell your shares in secondary at 90 billion to Thrive or whoever. What's your take, Friedberg, on all of this craziness and drama?

I think what we will see over time is that rather than have the ability to sue for their likeness. A lot of AI that is like a celebrity, the value of it will arise from the celebrity's endorsement, not actually using the celebrity's features. So without the endorsement, I know everyone kind of wants to point to this idea of likeness, but I think that there's something about the authentic aspect of having the celebrity actually endorse and provide their their signature, their stamp on it. Restaurants are a good example. Some celebrity chef says, I was involved in making this menu. That's a lot different than mimicking the celebrity chef's menu from his restaurant, putting his or her name and brand on it. There's a bunch of videos on YouTube now. I don't know if you guys ever, you guys probably don't watch these, but I love watching these videos where like music producers make tracks and how they do it. And so many of these producers now are using AI tools taking samples off of old records or other tracks, and then telling the AI, make something that sounds like this or looks like this but isn't like this. And so there's enough of a transformation happening that it isn't a direct likeness. And then they're able to create entire vocal tracks without needing a singer or without needing the celebrity singer.

So they're in the much ado about nothing camp on this card.

Yeah, I'm in the content itself, I think, is probably less like compelling, oh, go, go after her because the voice sounds the same. But I do think that there's this element of like, what if you could then say, hey, you know, Britney Spears actually lent her voice to this track.

So do you think if she sues OpenAI, do you think it should just get thrown out?

It's not a real case. No, I think there's probably going to be a lot of discovery to Sachs'.

Point that's going to show that they probably did.

Yeah, they just discovered it was juicy. Yeah, yeah. No, no, no, I'm not saying that. I'm saying, I'm asking you more that. Yeah, even if they find it, your point is it shouldn't matter. My point is, do you think that.

It should be thrown out? Well, I don't know. I mean, hold on. Let's say you're casting a movie and you can't get Scarlett Johansson for it. And so you tell the casting director, get me a Scarlett Johansson type. I think you can do that, okay? Obviously. You can't use her name, you can't use her likeness, but you could hire a different actor who might look or sound like Scarlett Johansson. If the company actually did that, and they did it nine months ago, this is what the statement they put out. I think they've got a decent defense.

Yeah.

But- Because they may have done- I don't know if we believe that. I mean, again, why don't you just put out the name of the actual actor, that voice actor that you used?

And there's a very simple test here. If there's confusion amongst the public, which is what Scarjo put in her letter, and that was a legally written, deftly written letter to set up a huge settlement. Because she said, the morning this came out, all of my friends said, oh my God, congratulations on your Chat GPT deal. This is great. The public being confused is the key issue here. And there's something called the right to publicity. This is basically how celebrities defend their rights. It's happening all the time to podcasters, by the way. There was a company that put me in their ads based on something I said in a show. And then they put ads against it. And Huberman's been having this happen. Joe Rogan, it's happening to me right now.

I'm in the middle of this crazy thing. With Facebook, and they've been doing a very good job. The team at Meta, Ashley, thank you. But hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of automated accounts pretending to be me selling all kinds of random stuff. It's predominantly on WhatsApp and Facebook and Meta. And I don't know what to do because I, we work together with them, we shut it down. I've actually had to reactivate my Facebook and Instagram accounts, which were dormant, so that we could actually have them be verified. So that then it's easier to shut them down. But it is an impossible task when somebody's impersonating you.

Yeah.

To fight it. At least in my experience, it's been a month and we, it's just like every hundred we take down, it's another thousand.

But in both of those cases, you guys have your exact image of you being shown to sell, to sell stuff. I think that in this case, it's also unique to ScarJo because she was the voice from her. There is no, like, if this were like a voice, sort of like Cameron Diaz or sort of like Julia Roberts, It wouldn't be as big a deal because it would certainly got some differences to it. But it's because they're trying to mimic the movie, her.

Well, didn't Meta use Morgan Freeman when like Zuck created like an AI or something as a project?

You guys remember that? Wasn't Morgan Freeman the voice? They paid for it. And there's a company Speechify. I'm not an investor or anything like.

That, but they have Gwyneth Paltrow as a licensed voice to read your stuff.

So...

They should just license Gwyneth's voice. obvious, obvious, like just whoever wants to get paid, here's the opportunity. If three people say, what do you.

Guys think about the fact that they're not trying to say this is this person's voice, but they want to say like, Hey, let's say you just can prompt the AI and say, generate a voice that is sort of like movies that are comfortable and calming to people to listen to and, you know, that we've, that we think people will be comfortable. And the AI generates something that sounds like Starship. I've done this before.

But it's not deliberately trained on Starship. Using a computer to probabilistically copy something is still copying something.

Yes.

Come on, guys, let's not make this too complicated.

Is the public confused is the only test you need for you. What if there's two public actresses that both have similar voices and then they both claim, hey, you tried to make.

This sound like me. What do you do in that case, Tamar?

Well, which one did you call two.

Days before the demo? Yeah, exactly. And did the CEO tweet her? I think your whole point about discovery is going to get them in trouble.

In this case, because they were clearly.

They were clearly trying to do an impersonation of her, right?

Yeah, if they never reached out to Scarlett, they could claim it's just a coincidence, but they called her twice. They called her some months before and then two days before, which indicates panic.

Judge Sacks, give you a verdict. I'm starting a new spin-off show.

Judge Sacks says?

Guilty.

Okay, guilty.

Judge Sacks, sentence now. What's the sentence?

The sentence is that Scarlett Johansson is gonna end up owning more of this company than Sam Altman. That's what's gonna happen. Look, they call her two days before. Why do you do that?

Guilty.

Because you know you have a problem. And you're trying to put the horse back in the barn. Now what they should have done is as soon as she says no, you just change the voice completely.

Or you get a fixer. Get Michael Cohen in there and get a settlement going. Let's get some fixer in there to fix it. Okay, listen, enough. with OpenAI. Oh wait, there's more. Geez, it's ruining the docket. I guess we have to talk about the next drama from OpenAI this week. Former employees sign an agreement that they're forbidden forever from criticizing the company or even acknowledging that the NDA exists. If a departing employee declines to sign the document, or if they violate it, they can lose all vested equity they earned during Their time at the company in practice. This means ex employees have to choose between giving up millions of dollars they've already earned or agreeing not to criticize the company in perpetuity. Sax is a lot of details here. We'll go to you.

Yeah. Well, you can see why they wrote that in there. That makes sense if you think, hold on a second, if an employee can leave with, you know, a random copy of like some old weights as a starting point to rebuild the model, that could be very valuable or Well, that's I see. Yeah. Yeah, but, well, there's all kinds of like kind of quasi confidential information or knowledge or know how that you leave a place like that with. So I could see why there was a justification to be very heavy handed about it. But again, the question isn't whether you're allowed to be heavy handed.

You are.

The question is why backtrack and then obfuscate and lie after you get caught?

Well, right. What are they saying? They claim it's an accident once they get caught with their hand in the cookie jar, which, like you said, your mouth is just a heavy handed agreement. It's in the company's interest to do this. They just say it was an accident, just like the Scarla thing is an.

Accident or a coincidence. It's just getting hard to believe. Just own it and say, you know what guys, this is a really valuable company. There's a ton of very valuable trade secret, know how IP, confidential information, and we're going to be extremely litigious. on the offense and protect it because it's our and it's correlated to the importance of the company in the ecosystem. You could have said that and people could have been upset, but they would have understood.

Here's what Sam Altman said. There was a provision about potential equity cancellation in our previous exit docs. Although we never clawed anything back, it should never have been something we had in any documents or communication. This is on me. And one of the few times I've genuinely been embarrassed running open eye. I did not know this was happening, and I should have. If any former employee who signed one of these old agreements is worried about it, they can contact me and we'll fix that too. Very sorry about this. So he's very, very sorry. It's starting to be like BP oil, this company. They're just so sorry about everything.

Here's the question is these are form documents at the end of the day, and form documents don't write themselves. Lawyers write them, and when you get a novel change in one of these documents, somebody thought that through and thought it'd be a good idea and put it in there. Right. And like Jammaz said, there is a way to potentially defend that. It's not like these provisions don't exist. It's just a novel application to try and claw back someone's already vested equity from a company. Well, that is- On behalf of these things.

Yeah, that is not exactly standard.

Sometimes- no, that's completely non-standard. I'm just saying that these provisions exist in other contexts. and their application as a clawback of vested employee equity is something that I don't think any of us have heard before.

I haven't.

Yeah, exactly. So my point is just, this didn't happen as an accident. Somebody made a strategic business decision to do this because they thought it'd be in the company's interest.

Yeah, so just in layman's terms, the clawback means you had 10 million in equity, you earned 75% of it, you got 7.5 million in equity there, you say something disparaging about the company, they can take it back from you.

Once you leave a company and you've vested equity, you don't lose it. I mean, as long as you have some period in which to exercise your option, if it's an option rather than stock, but other than that, I've never heard of a situation where employees can lose their vested equity.

Even in a situation, Sacks, we've seen this, where somebody commits fraud, They still get their vested equity, and then it's up to the company to sue them for fraud separately, right? Like we've seen cases of that.

I guess that's right.

Yeah.

I mean, I guess that's right.

Like committing a crime.

Look, I think the question here is, is it credible that they keep having these accidents and coincidences?

What does Judge Sack say?

Judge Sack says there's one too many coincidences, you know? Look, I think like Jammal said, you could have just owned this and said that this is a defendant in the way he said and said, but you know what? It was too aggressive and we pulled it back.

I think the thing is, look, if you, if you think about the pendulum of culture in Silicon Valley, we used to have a very tough culture of founder led businesses where there was extremely high expectations. And if you transgressed, it was very punitive. And then the pendulum swung in the, all the way to the other opposite end where you had this like coddling daycare type approach that existed for like the last 15 or 20 years. And probably what OpenAI is, is an example of a company that needs to be run a little bit more like the former, but stuck with a bunch of people that still pull it towards to be the latter. And that's the cultural tension that they're gonna have to sort out because in order to be this incredible bastion of like AGI and innovation, I suspect that it's going to look more like a three letter agency in terms of security and protocols in the next five or 10 years than it is going to look like the Googleplex. And I think they just need to own that. And this is probably a little bit of an insight into that tension. And they're going to have to go in more in that direction.

I think it's a good insight.

You're not going to be allowed to build these incredibly crazy world beating technologies where people are running around in an eight-seater bicycle. It's not going to work, guys.

And by the way, I mean, because it is such an industry-leading company, I think we could end up with some very bad fair use precedents or laws because Scarlett Johansson is so sympathetic as a plaintiff compared to OpenAI. And it's, you know, unless they show us some discovery that proves that they really did hire the voice actor and all the rest of it, I mean, this could lead to some very bad precedence for the industry around fair use. Well, and here we go.

I think Microsoft will pay the speeding ticket, and we'll just all move on. But Freeberg, my God, can you imagine being two or three PhDs in machine learning or whatever, you start your whole life, you're pursuing general AI, and people are coming up to your desk and creating all this drama and nonsense, and you're in the middle of a soap opera while you're trying to create the technology That creates super intelligence.

It's nuts.

Yeah, I find it annoying too, just listening to it.

Okay, well then in that case we will move on from OpenAI. Oh, sorry. There's one more drama going on.

It's not just drama. I mean, it's there's now a lawsuit. I think it's a very interesting case.

The fair use case is interesting.

I think it's a legitimately interesting case that's going to, if it goes all the way, if it goes the distance, it's going to create some really interesting precedents.

Well, I mean, you can't say we.

Have all the cases yet, but, yeah.

These, the, what happens in these content cases is they get settled almost every single time. So the case law doesn't get codified. They just get settled out of court. If you go look at all the fair use cases, they, they almost never go to the mat. And so this one will just be settled. It'll just be a question.

I think the interesting part of the other story is that the reason all the stuff came out about the equity clawbacks was because the safety team quit and it got leaked during that process.

All right, so this is Dramatic story of the week that will, I think.

That one, I think begs a little bit more of a, so let me tee that question of, yeah.

Two heads of OpenAI's super alignment team left the company last week, the day after GPT-4.0 launch. Ilya announced he was leaving the company. He was their chief scientist. A few hours later, his partner on the alignment team, Jan Leike, also announced he was resigning in a later thread, Leike explained. that he left due to, quote, safety culture and processes have taken a backseat to shiny products. Okay, there's a little bit of disparagement to our former point about non-disparagement and NDAs. So OpenAI lost both its heads of AI alignment one day after it launched that new product. Is that a coincidence? That's interesting. if you don't know what super alignment is, it's basically making sure that the software doesn't go terminator. What are your thoughts on this, Friedberg?

I don't know. I mean, it could be some bad bureaucracy, bad politicking, not being listened to, but I think the real interesting question is who's gonna ask these guys what's really going on from a technology perspective? and what is that going to reveal? Because these guys clearly are on the frontier of model development and the performance of models. And so my guess is there are certain regulatory people who are going to have interest in the fact that this team just left. They're going to make a phone call. They're going to ask this team to come in and have a conversation, and they're going to start to ask a lot of questions about what the state of technology is over there. And I suspect that some things are going to start to come out.

Sachs, it was reported that Ilia was on the side of the nonprofit, the slow down AI be cautious group when they fired Sam. So what's your take on what's going on here with super alignment inside of OpenAI, Judge Sachs?

Let's call this what it is, a mass resignation. And we don't really know why. I mean, apparently they were promised something like 20% of the computing resources of OpenAI. And they didn't get that. I definitely read that somewhere. And so that is part of it, I think, but we don't really know the whole story. And, you know, when you look at this issue of the mass resignation, and then you look at the issue of the clawback of vested employee equity, you're like, well, wait a second, maybe they felt like they needed that clawback. in order to deter all these people who are leaving from spilling the beans about whatever was upsetting them. Something clearly upset them, right?

Yeah. That's why people are saying there's this meme, what did Ilya see? What did he see?

Yeah.

And then like you said, the board did fire him. And the only explanation they provided was that he wasn't being candid, which at the time we thought was an incredibly damning statement. And we thought we'd get some explanation of it. We never got any explanation whatsoever. you know, I thought that the board was being incompetent because I thought that either they fired him overly hastily or they had reason to fire him, but then they communicated poorly. And, you know, it, you add all these things up and it definitely seems like, you know, smoke.

Sam's a straight shooter. We should just have him on the pod to explain all this. I mean, I'll clear everything up. Stop me if you've heard this before. Nvidia, Nvidia just smashed all expectations while reporting record profits and revenue. The AI train continues on Wednesday. Nvidia reported earnings for the fiscal Q1 revenue was 26 billion up 18% quarter over quarter, 260% year over year. Basically they quadrupled year over year on billions of revenue. This chart is bonkers. We've never seen anything like this in the history of Silicon Valley or corporate America. This is if somebody like literally was mining coal and then found a diamond, a gold mine underneath it. bonkers what's happened here. When you look at the revenue there, the, you know, sort of slow growth or moderate growth revenue that they experienced, that was all because Nvidia was primarily providing GPUs for people playing video games or mining crypto. And then what you see with this unbelievable six quarter run and, and five, six quarter run is companies like Microsoft, Google, Tesla, OpenAI, et cetera, buying just billions and billions of dollars worth of hardware. I'll end on this and Chamath and get your take on it. Here's 2019 top companies by market cap in the world, obviously Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, Berkshire, Facebook, Alibaba, Tencent. And then you get some of the incumbents and legacy companies, J and J, Exxon, and JPMorgan Visa. Way down on the list in 2019, number 84 was Nvidia. Today, Nvidia is the third largest company by market cap behind Microsoft and Apple and ahead of Google, AKA Alphabet, and Saudi Aramco. Chamath, what's your take on this? Will it continue? And how do you conceptualize this level of growth on such a big number?

I mean, I think it's a really, really incredibly fun moment if you're involved in anything AI related, just because it shows the level of investment that Nvidia's customers are making into making this new reality available for everybody, right? So when you're spending effectively a hundred billion dollars a year on the CapEx of chips and then a couple hundred billion more on all the related infrastructure and then another couple hundred billion more on power. You're talking about half a trillion to three quarters of a trillion dollars a year being spent to bring AI forward to the masses. So I think that's the really positive take. The other exciting thing is if you're on the other side of the NVIDIA trade, which is you're working on something that does what they do, cheaper, faster or better. It's also really exciting because at some point the laws of capitalism kick in, right? We've talked about this. When you are over earning so massively, the rational thing to do for other actors in the arena is to come and attack that margin and give it to people for slightly cheaper, slightly faster, slightly better so you can take share. Yes. So I think what you're seeing and what you'll see even more now is this incentive for Silicon Valley who has been really reticent to put money into chips, really reticent to put money into hardware, they're gonna get pulled into investing in this space because there's no choice. You have a company that went from a hundred billion in market cap to two and a half trillion in four years. It's just way too much value that is there to then be leaked back. The interesting thing to remember, during the PC revolution, which is really mostly the nineties, Right? It ended in the late 90s, I would say like 98, 99, right before the dotcom bubble took over. Intel's peak market cap was, I think it got to about $200 billion. And then their average growth rate from 1998 to today was negative 1.4% a year. Right? So it went from about 200 billion to about 130 odd billion. And why? It's not that Intel was a worst company. But it said everything else caught up and the economic value went to things that sat above them in the stack. Then it went to Cisco for a while, right? Then after Cisco, it went to the browser companies for a little bit. Then it went to the app companies. Then it went to the device companies. Then it went to the mobile companies. So you see this natural tendency for value to push up the stack over time. So let me see that. We've done step one, which is now you've given all this value to Nvidia, and now we're gonna see it being reallocated.

So, Jamath, who's in the arena trying stuff, some of these things work, some.

Of these things don't work.

Well, and I'm not working, yeah.

So right now what you do is you speculatively bet on anything that kind of like, quote unquote, rhymes with Nvidia. So AMD is ripping, the companies that make HPM is ripping. So all of that stuff, the folks that make optical cables, this Japanese company that I found, that makes like the high bandwidth optical cables ripping. So every, anything related to that ecosystem right now is at all time highs. But at the same time, what you find now is like every other day when you wake up and read the trades in tech land, you find that there's a company that's gotten seeded with 5 to 50 million bucks to create a new chip, right? You're also starting to see folks that are working a little bit above the stack and build better compilers. Things that'll allow you to actually build once, run in many different compute environments. So all of this stuff is starting to happen. At some point the spread trade will be that Nvidia loses share, even though revenues keep compounding to these upstarts. Yeah.

Death by a thousand startups. All right, so I guess one of the questions people are asking right now is, Have we ever seen a company at this scale and the impact it's having, not just in technology, which Sharmat just pointed out beautifully, but also it's having a huge impact on Wall Street, on the stock market, on finance?

Well, the company that everyone compares NVIDIA to, or asked the question about whether a historical comparison should be made, is Cisco. So there's an article in Motley Fool saying, Is NVIDIA doomed to be the next Cisco? There was one in Morningstar called Nvidia 2023 versus Cisco 1999. Will history repeat itself? The reason they're asking these questions is that if you go back to the dotcom boom in 1999, you can pull up the stock performance chart. You can see that Cisco had this incredible run. And if you overlay the stock price of Nvidia, it seems to be following that same trajectory. And what happened with Cisco is that when the dot-com crash came in 2000, Cisco stock lost a huge part of its value. Obviously Cisco's still around today and it's a valuable company, but it just hasn't ever regained the type of market cap it had. The reason this happened is because Cisco got commoditized. So to Chamath's point, the success and market cap of that company attracted a whole bunch of new entrants and they copied Cisco's products until they were total commodities. So the question is, will that happen to NVIDIA?

Yeah.

And I think the difference here is that at the end of the day, networking equipment, which Cisco produced, was pretty easy.

Pretty one-dimensional.

Pretty easy to move around.

Moving data around, yeah.

Right. Whereas if you look at Nvidia, these GPU cores are really complicated to make. And Jensen makes this point that the H100, for example, has thousands of components and it weighs like 70 pounds or something like that.

I mean, it's like a giant oven.

I mean, it's like a frame frame. It's not, it's not just like a little chip. So it's a much more complicated product to copy. And then on top of that, they're already in the R&D cycle for the next chip, right? Whatever it's gonna be, the H200 or whatever it is. And so as people try to catch up with H100, they're gonna be on to H200. So I think you can make the case that Nvidia has a much better moat than Cisco. And just, by the way, on this Cisco comparison, just to finish the thought, people were making this comparison six months ago and what's happened since then? Nvidia has had two blowout quarters and the competitors don't seem to be that much closer, maybe a little bit closer. But so, you know, look, I think it's an open question.

So there's a counter here, Freeberg, which is obviously, if you follow the Cisco analogy, one of the things that also sunk CISCO was once people had bought all that capacity, there was no need, there was no file size that was so great that it couldn't be moved easily around the internet. You know, you make movies, HD, super HD, 2K, 4K. The bet we've created too much bandwidth, there was no use for it. So I guess that's a counter argument for maybe when, if we build up too much capacity, Nvidia also could not by competitors, but just by the build out being enough. So what's your take on that counter argument and then whatever other thoughts you have?

I think that the Cisco analogy, it's a pretty different situation because Cisco evolved the business to become much more enterprise-centric and they were able to run an M&A process like we see with enterprise software where they could acquire and roll up lots of different product companies and sell into their enterprise channel. So do a lot of cross-selling. NVIDIA is not a super acquisitive business. And it doesn't make as much sense because they're selling much more infrastructure tools. Whereas Cisco moved really high up in the enterprise stack. They were selling stuff into office buildings. They were selling software. They did acquisitions to fully integrate. They had a very diverse set of products that were selling through an enterprise channel further up the value stack and a pretty distributed customer base, no serious concentration. Even though they did sell a lot into data centers, they were also selling to telcos, they were selling to enterprises. they were selling to governments and so on. If you look at NVIDIA's revenue, they did $26 billion of total revenue in the quarter, 22 billion of which was data center, and about 40% of that was from the top four hyperscalers. So a full one-third of NVIDIA's revenue in the quarter came from, I believe it's Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Meta. And so between those four businesses, you know that those companies each have, I Believe at least over or close to $100 billion of cash sitting on their balance sheet. They can't find great places to invest that cash to grow revenue. And so they've rationalized away the idea that they will make CapEx investments to build over the next five to 10 years. And this is where that money flows.

Yeah.

We talked about that in a previous.

Episode cuz there's no M&A to your point.

Yeah.

Unicon's not gonna let you buy stuff.

Or the UK is not gonna let you buy stuff. So I think that they're gonna have less maneuvering capability than Cisco had. in the future. And obviously there's this deep concentration risk, which is going to be deeply challenging.

I think Nvidia, this is to build on Sachs' point, is going to get pulled into competing directly with the hyperscalers. So if you were just selling chips, you probably wouldn't, but Sachs is right. These are these big, bulky actual machines. Then all of a sudden you're like, well, why don't I just create my own physical plant and just stack these things and create racks and racks of these machines and go head to head.

With AWS instead of selling to them.

It's not a far stretch, especially because Nvidia actually has the software interface that everybody uses, which is CUDA. So I think it's, it's likely that Nvidia goes on a full frontal assault against GCP and Amazon and Microsoft. That's going to really complicate the relationship that those folks have with each other. But I think it's inevitable because you're going How do you defend, it's kind of the Apple problem. How do you defend an enormously large market cap? You're forced to go into businesses that are equally lucrative. Now, if I look inside of compute and look at the adjacent categories, they're not going to all of a sudden start a competitor to TikTok, right? Or a social network. But if you look at the multi hundred billion revenue businesses that are adjacent to the markets that NVIDIA enables, the most obvious one is the hyperscalers, which are multi hundred billion dollar revenue businesses. So they're going to be forced to compete. Otherwise their market cap will shrink, and I don't think they want that. And then it's going to create a very complicated set of incentives for Microsoft and Google and Meta and Apple and all the rest. And that's also then going to be an accelerant. They're going to pump so much money to help all of these upstarts. To your point, Jason, chip away and nip at the Achilles heels of NVIDIA until they fall.

Yeah, and there's a great precedent for what you're saying because, or clues, Amazon is making chips, Google is making chips, and Intel is making chips.

Facebook's making chips. Tesla's making chips.

Yeah, Apple's own chips. Everybody's making their own chips. And they got rid of Intel. And so this is how it's gonna go. Your margin is my opportunity. and, you know, with all this market cap increase, the good news is it's just reported that Jensen has bought a second leather jacket. So, well, this market cap has enabled him to expand the wardrobe.

By the way, I gotta say, he looks really good. He looks super fit.

Great.

You know, he just.

How old is he?

Is he.

Is he in his late 50s?

He's going into his Harrison Ford.

He looks great.

The talking pepper.

61.

61. He looks amazing. He looks amazing.

I'll tell you something, in the zombie apocalypse draft, I'm picking him.

That guy seems crafty, you know, he.

Seems like a forceful. But what do you think he does for exercise?

No plastic ball. No, no, no, no.

His balls have plastic. He's got steel in there.

No, no, he's got, his have brass in them. He's literally had brass put into his balls.

No, no, all of our balls have plastic apparently. Okay, well, we have two choices here.

We can go with another tech story, or we can go directly to science corner.

Well, no, I think you should do state of the economy and then do science corner.

The corner.

Okay, so you want to talk about our pocketbooks, and then we'll talk about our pockets, and then we'll just make a quick detour to the right and.

Then talk about our balls.

We're in the same vicinity, so.

I think we should let's get on our balls.

Okay, great. Yeah, let's end. Let's end with our balls. That's science.

I mean, framework totally likes to start with the balls.

I don't know, because everybody's got different.

Kind of Vibes here.

The ball play should come a little bit later in the.

In the program. You want to save the ball play for later, saxon. Okay, I'm having a hard time keeping this together, guys. More than half of Americans think we're in a recession. I think we're in a vibe session right now because we're not in a recession. But people are feeling really bad. A Harris poll conducted by the Guardian shows that 56% of Americans wrongly believe the US is in a recession. Not surprisingly, they blame Biden. The poll highlighted a bunch of misconceptions. 55% believe the US economy is shrinking. It's obviously not 56% think the U. S. is experiencing recession. It's obviously not 49% of people believe the S&P 500 stock market index is down for the year. It's up 12% this year. It was up 24% in 2023. And 49% believe that unemployment is at a 50 year high when it's in fact at a 50 year low. And Americans are really concerned about the cost of living and inflation. Fair enough. 70% said the biggest economic concern was the cost of living. 68% said that inflation was the biggest economic concern. Important quote here. A majority of respondents agreed, it's difficult to be happy about positive economic news when I feel financially squeezed each month, and that the economy was worse than the media made it out to be. According to the poll, 70% of Republicans and 40% of Democrats think Biden is making the economy worse. Chamath, you have some thoughts on this?

I'm going to go out on a limb and speculate that a lot of the big numbers that we use to gauge how we should feel about things in today's day and age are pretty brittle. Explain, fragile. And may actually just be totally wrong. So what's an example? So for example, like if you look at something like non-farm payrolls, So the first Friday of every month, you get this report that comes out from the Department of Labor and it shows what where unemployment is. But how do they calculate that? Do you think that they have a real time sense of exactly every person in that month that entered the workforce or exited the workforce? No. They do a survey and then they extrapolate. And if you do that survey incorrectly, and Jason, you've commented on this before, for example, if you don't capture adequately the number of people that are on the sidelines and never join the workforce, or the number of people that are part of the gig economy, so they are kind of working. You get an inaccurate sense of where the real economy is. I think that GDP is somewhat similar because if you just break down what GDP is. So Nick, there's a very simple pie chart I sent to you. What is GDP? It's the sum of four things. Most of it is what people spend.

Okay.

Then the next big chunk is what companies and governments spend. And then the last is what we export to other countries. So let's just pause for one second and think about what do you think happens when rates are zero versus when rates are at 6%?

People spend a lot more.

Well, people are tend to save when interest rates are high. Just the natural thing, like why would I buy a pair of these Nike shoes? I'll just put it in the bank, I get 6%. But when the bank pays you zero, you're like, ah, let me buy these Air Force ones and move on, right? It turns out it's the same for companies. Companies find it easier to invest when rates are at zero because it's cheaper. It's much more expensive because they're borrowing.

Money at 6% versus at 0%.

Or more corporate gets charged a higher fee, right?

Yeah.

Then when you have high interest rates, you have a currency that appreciates, it makes exports. less attractive to other people, which means then you become an ad importer. Okay, so what is the last thing that's left? The last thing that's left is government spending. And you have to ask the question, what should governments do when rates are high? There was a chart I published in my annual letter. If you just go to that for a second.

And just going back to this chart right before it, just so the people who are listening, if you put the pie chart aren't Nick, important for people to know, Consumer is about 70% of the economy. And if you put investment and government together, that's just over maybe 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56.

57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100. So it is a consumer driven economy. But hey, you know, corporate and government spending is a major piece as well. And then, and I just Just like if you had a bunch of credit cards and all of a sudden the interest rates went up. So the choice is twofold. Do governments spend less? But unfortunately, it turns out that our governments in America, they just keep spending more and more. So even if net interest income is small, even if net interest income is high, they're just like, forget it, the taps are on. So what does this all mean? I think what it really means is that we do a very poor job of measuring all these dynamics together. And so I actually trust the survey data of these individuals more than I trust the GDP report in the sense that I think it more accurately captures this dynamic. Rates are at 6%. People are saving more. They're not getting paid more. Things are costing more. The government is giving you free money, so you kind of feel like everything is moving. So that the GDP measurement, the way that it's classically done, shows that, wow, we grew at 3 or 4%. But the average individual American isn't feeling that. They're actually not feeling that they have less money. So I would actually go with them and actually say, if we don't revisit this thing from first principles, we're going to get this dynamic where we think one thing is happening, but the actual exact opposite is happening. In this case, I do think we're in a quasi-synthetic recession.

Sax, what's your take on the Vibe session?

Well, look, I tend to agree with your mouth on this. I think this is a classic story of who do you believe? Do you believe the experts or do you believe in the intuitions of the American people? And the experts have some statistics on their side, but the old saying goes, there's lies, damn lies, and statistics. And then the American people have their actual lived experience. on their side. They know what they're feeling, and I tend to trust in that. And obviously we're in an election year and the press knows that. So they're trying to do this big cleanup effort for Biden. But why is it that people are feeling this way? Number one is inflation. And if you look at this chart, you can see that if you look at household net worth since the start of the Biden presidency and compare it to the change in household net worth at a similar point in Trump's presidency, in nominal terms, it appears to be the same. But then if you adjust for inflation, in other words, you look at the real household net worth, you can see that household net worth during the Biden term has been flat. Actually, it's down. Because of inflation, right?

Because of inflation.

Where did the inflation come from? Where'd the inflation come from?

Yeah.

Well, Larry Summers warned in the first quarter of the Biden administration, that if you passed an unnecessary $2 trillion of COVID stimulus, you would produce inflation. The inflation rate when Biden came into office was 1.7%. We had a rip-roaring economy, but he started stimulating and we talked about Bidenomics is this new policy of pumping trillions of dollars of stimulus into a healthy economy, which we've never done before. What happened? Inflation went all the way to 9%. So People's wages have not kept up with the rate of inflation. This is why they feel worse off. When you actually look at purchasing power, people are worse off in terms of their actual ability to buy things. Their purchasing power has gone down. Wages may have gone up a little bit, but they have not gone up as much as inflation. So people feel worse off. Now, Larry also had that, I think, really informative study showing that inflation would have peaked at 18% if you include cost of borrowing. So Again, to Chamath's point, if you're trying to get a mortgage and you're paying seven and a half, 8%, you feel way worse off. If you need to buy a car and make a car payment, you feel much worse off. If you've got credit card debt, which has now hit an all time record of something like 1.1 trillion, your credit card rates have never been higher. So the average American feels worse off because cost of borrowing has a huge impact on their household finances. And that's why if you read like one of the last paragraphs in that story, that you referred to. They use the key words, the consumer feels squeezed, the average household feels squeezed. They may not have lost their job yet, but they've lost purchasing power and.

They'Ve lost- yeah, they're under- They're under earning.

They're under earning. And so the projection- It's so obvious. And you know, the press can gaslight us all day long about how wonderful things are under Biden, but the average.

American, I think, understands differently based on their own experience. I think the whole thing comes down to the projection of an individual or a household. of their lived experience onto the economy, you assume that because you're having a tough time, the economy is bad. And the economy as a definition for them is, how do I earn and how do I spend? And if I'm under earning, that means there must be serious job loss and things are more expensive and my ability to purchase isn't improving. And so I think we're all kind of going to end up on the same take on this one. I mean, Nick, if you want to pull this image up. This is, I think, a helpful one, which is disposable personal income relative to outlays that folks are needing to spend more than they're making. So clearly indicating that they're feeling like they're under earning. So the projection of that is the economy is bad without recognizing that it is an inflationary experience, whereas economists use the definition of, quote, economic growth being gross production, gross product. And so if gross product or gross revenue is going up, they're like, oh, the economy is healthy, we're growing. But the truth is we're funding that growth with leverage at the national level, the federal level, and at the household and domestic level. We are borrowing money to inflate the revenue numbers. And so the GDP goes up, but the debt is going up higher. And so the ability for folks to support themselves and buy things that they want to buy and continue to improve their condition in life has declined if things are getting worse. And if you go to the next image, as Sachs pointed out already, here's the image of total outstanding credit card debt over a trillion dollars. It's totally spiked and it's going to continue to spike just like federal debt because of the next chart, which is the sudden jump in interest rates. So we've seen credit card interest rates jump from 12% on average 10 years ago to 21.19% right now, and it was at 14% at the end of 2022. So we've gone from 14% average credit card interest rates to 22% now in just about 20 to 24 months. And so the projection that I think of the quote, economy must be bad is resulted from the fact that income to spending is actually pretty negative. So here's the real median family income. This actually only goes through 2019, so it doesn't even capture the error that we're talking about, but this has been going on for quite some time that the average American's ability to improve their condition has largely been driven by their ability to borrow, not by their earnings. And this has created a substantial set of precedents that we're now running into a wall with interest rates spiking and inflation hitting us. because of the overall federal debt that we've taken on.

I think we're probably gonna go around.

The horn and all agree.

Obviously the crazy spending started in the Trump and COVID era, and that caused a lot of the inflation as well, just to be fair. It's two administrations that are just out of control with spending. But the way I look at this is the Mickey D economy. People may not know this, but 96% of Americans eat meals at least once a year in McDonald's. 8% of Americans eat at McDonald's on an average day. and when you look at the prices of McDonald's here, if we look at this image.

Yeah, this is incredible.

This is unbelievable. Medium French fries at McDonald's, $1.79 in 2019 and now $4.19. And then if we look at just McNuggets, gosh, $4.49 to $7.58, 68% increase. McChicken, $1.29 to $3.89. And then here is a very interesting one. This is CPI versus McDonald's. Big Mac prices. Take a look at that. As much as the consumer price index has surged, Big Macs have exceeded that. And so Americans are seeing this over and over again when they go to McDonald's and other places. And, and that's what's causing the feeling. Jake has gone back to that chart. Go back to that McNugget chart.

I just want to see what, what is it? End of 2019. So this is basically, you'd want to look at the four year stock price, right? So, like, these guys have jacked up prices.

Massively.

If you look at what's happened to the stock, the stock is way up. It's kind of been, they've been very motivated and rewarded as a company for just rewarding the shareholder and kind of screwing over the customer.

If you own equities in McDonald's and you're in the top third or half of, maybe half of Americans who have equity exposure, you're feeling great. If you're on the bottom third or half and you're buying at McDonald's and you don't own equity in McDonald's, you feel terrible.

Freeberg, you had some additional thoughts? Yeah, but remember what McDonald's and other fast food companies have said is that labor costs have climbed. Here's a chart on labor costs that Nick can pull up. Workers at Walmart and McDonald's have had pay increases, but this has really been to try and keep up with inflation, the inflation of other costs. So a lot of people will say, oh, they're price gouging, they're ripping off consumers to make profits for shareholders. But the truth is the biggest component of running those restaurants is labor. and labor has gotten more expensive because the employees that work there have to earn enough to pay their bills and to afford their food. And this is the circular effect of inflation. It finds its way all through the economy. It filters down and it eventually hits everyone. Look, fast food's a pretty competitive business.

I mean, I think the reason why McDonald's is raising prices is because everyone else is raising prices. I mean, otherwise they'd be losing share. And just go to the grocery store and look at the price of steak or chicken or whatever or eggs. It's gone up tremendously over the last few years.

I mean- Sax, let me ask you a candy question. When's the last time you were in supermarket? Be honest. When's the last time you literally went to a- I'm just curious.

It's not relevant. I mean, yeah, look, obviously we know that the price of eggs doesn't affect me. Okay, great. I'm in a fortunate position. That's not what the topic is. The topic is what is the impact on the American people and why Why do 70% of the people in that poll feel that we're in a recession, even though the experts tell us we're not? And I've explained it.

Yeah.

And the other thing is, there's a-.

I went to the supermarket the other day.

I like going to the supermarket. I take my time.

I go every week. I could not believe how expensive things, I mean, some of the stuff, I was just blown away how expensive it is.

It's bonkers. I bought the, look at the, look at the package I sent you guys.

The Driscoll's super sweet strawberries. How much were they?

You quartered the market on them. I went and tried to find them here in San Mateo, and there's none left. They said Chamath cornered the market. I went to Segona's. Not a night to- no, not a night. Not a night. I go to Segona's every week. A, because we like buying our own fruit.

Yeah.

But also B, because our kids like to do it and they like to see what things cost and they like to pick stuff. But fantastic.

You know, this sweetest batch was seven bucks.

For how much was it, by the way? 12 strawberries in there. Well, so here's what I'll tell you, quite honestly. I'm like, I think that you need.

To put these guys on notice. Oh. On Blast.

The perfume, so the nose, just like, it's incredible. Okay. The aroma is the aroma. It's just absolutely incredible. But to be totally honest with you, the mouthfeel and the sweetness is not what this label would imply.

What were you expecting in terms of mouthfeel?

I was expecting something juicier, more succulent.

Let me ask you a question, Tom. Do you have a sommelier for your fruit?

Yeah.

I mean, you seem like a real connoisseur here, which is no, I told.

You, I've been texting Fredberg about fruit. For months, I am a connoisseur of fruit. Okay? It's very important to me. I like good fruit. So, you know, my wife and I go and find good fruit for our family. And it's really expensive. And even this over promises and under delivers. So, freeberg, you need to get a fruit sommelier. If you can land a GMO strawberry, I'm going to put it in my bag. Give me a GMO strawberry for twice as big, three times as sweet. Get in my belly. I think we should all go to.

Tokyo for a weekend and do some fruit tasting in Tokyo. Yeah, get on the Hokkaido strawberries.

This is where it's at. You have no idea what you can spend on strawberries. People are spending 10 bucks on a strawberry. It is bonkers.

I bought a $100 mango once in Tokyo.

Yeah, incredible. you know, the other thing I think with these numbers is if you're an economist and you're like inflation has gone down, that means the rate of inflation's gone down from 6 or 7% down to 3% or 2.9 or 3.1. That doesn't mean prices aren't still going up. And so the question is how do you cycle through that? If you want to replace, if you.

Want to replace GDP, there was a very good article in the Wall Street Journal a few weeks ago about how there's been a, just a total breakdown in what these high level numbers say, kind of what we've been saying and how Americans feel. And they introduced a different score. Well, they, they gave it publicity. It's not their score, but it's something that they call the core score.

Okay.

And what that does, it's, I'll just read it to you just so you can understand it. It's a county level index of well-being using measures of economic security, economic opportunity, health and political voice. And so the lowest possible score is zero. The highest possible score is 10. As it turns out, when they use this across every county in America. The distribution is basically as follows. The, the most quote unquote prosperous County is Falls Church, Virginia, which is 7.86 out of 10. And the lowest county is Jim Hogg County of Texas, which has a score of 2.25. So to the extent that you want to start to look at granular measures, this is one. I'm not going to advocate for it, but it's an example. But what are you noticing in here? What I notice is There's a lot of patches of like meh to not good in most parts of America. And so other than a very few small pockets where people feel great, most of the country is sort of dissatisfied. And I think that that's a really important thing to internalize.

Yeah.

Some of this is classic psychology. You know, people do focus on the negative. The media focuses on the negative. And then with social media, people are seeing Lifestyles that are unattainable, just like they're seeing body types that are unattainable because people are doing filters. You're also seeing people living a lifestyle that's unattainable. And then it makes people, because their expectation of their life is so high when they then subtract the reality of their life, they've got a deficit. And really happiness is like expectations minus reality equals happiness.

Yeah, but you had that same dynamic when consumer sentiment was much higher in a previous administration, people were feeling much better about the economy. So that's a constant.

Yeah, well, people were having free money.

I think you're talking about Trump.

Trump dropped free money on people's heads. So your argument that Biden's crazy in spending. No, no, I'm just talking about Trump.

Trump sent them free checks with his name on it. Yeah, when the economy was down 33% year over year.

But you admit that he spent way.

Too much money, right? You admit he spent way too much money. Both parties thought that we were headed for a depression. And so we had a bipartisan stimulus bill during an actual crisis. Once the crisis was over, there was no need to keep spending.

And by the way, so when Trump.

Signed the Jason Let's be clear, there's.

No, he wasn't responsible.

And by the way, once the seal has been broken, I think it's fair to say both sides of the aisle now believe that they can give away an enormous amount of money. Both, absolutely. There's nobody that feels like they have a responsibility to stop. But I think what Saks is right in the sense that, so if you take that as a constant, right, that there will always be handouts now of all kinds. Yep. There'll be different flavors depending on whether it's a Republican or whether a Democrat, a Democrat and all rationalized.

It's a big deal.

It's all, it's all, but so then what I'm saying is- that's my point. This abstraction though doesn't solve what's happening now because this free money is in the system. It's constantly in the system. It comes in different ways. So people should feel better. The fact that they don't in the face of this constant money train, I think is actually quite alarming. This is, I think what the point is, which is we are economically in a very complicated moment in the sense that there is no pandemic to blame. There's no economy that's totally shut down. In fact, there's an economy that seems to be moving, but leaving an enormous number of people behind. So however it has been structured, just sitting here today in 2024, It's broken for more people than it's working for. Yeah.

Trump, just to give facts, Trump will have spent 7.8 trillion, Biden will spend slightly less, like 6. X trillion at the end of these things.

They're both gonna have added- you-'re missing the fact that Trump had 2020 with when we had the COVID depression or what could have been when it comes down to a trillion percent year over year.

Yeah, and a terribly timed tax- by.

The way, did you guys see Frank?

Hold on a second, let me just make this one point. Just because both parties have been irresponsible in spending doesn't mean that we can't make further judgments about who's been worse. Sure. What's happened in the Biden administration is just quantitatively worse.

Well, no, quantitatively Trump spent more, but you're saying qualitatively Biden's is worse because.

He didn't need to.

There was no crisis.

Right.

Okay, so one spent more, one spent.

Less, but one didn't need to, and one absolutely did. Look at Trump's spending before COVID Look at Trump spending before COVID It was like a 5% bump on Obama spending.

Well, the tax break was the one that accounted for a lot of, yeah, but anyway, we can sit here and debate Trump versus Biden.

Let's talk about my balls, boys.

Yeah, we're wasting time here, wasting time on Trump and Biden when we could.

Be talking about my balls.

If we're gonna talk about our balls, we need to go to somebody who's an expert. on our testicles, Freiberg. Let's go right to science corner. Let's talk about our balls with the Sultan of Science. There's been a study on phthalates, our balls and plastic in our balls. Freiberg, tee this up.

Yeah, the Consumer Reports put out a really interesting, or what has become pretty widely covered now story a couple of weeks ago where they measured phthalates in common foods. and Nick, if you want to just pull up the image that's been repeated in a lot of media, a lot of press, people were going nuts over this, phthalates are these chemical compounds that are used in plastics or used with plastics to soften them. So when you make plastics, you can kind of, you know, make them softer and form them into all sorts of different shapes and use them for different applications like plastic bags or wraps or tubes or all sorts of things. And phthalates are these kind of smaller molecules that phthalates that kind of go along with the polymers that, that are the basis of the plastics. And they measured phthalates, which are known to be toxic in terms of, if you get enough of them, they can be carcinogenic and cause cancer. And they showed that every product they tested had phthalates in it. Wendy's chicken nuggets had, you know, 33,000 nanograms per serving. If you scroll up to the top.

Look at the Chipotle chicken burrito. Oh my God. Right.

Just to be clear, guys, this is not just about packaging. Packaging plays a role, but the whole food supply chain, the way we wrap food, all of our water, all of our dust, all of the air we breathe, we have measured phthalates in everything. So these phthalates end up in the animals that are used to make milk and the animals that people eat. They end up in the water that goes into the vegetables that we grow in the ground. They end up being used to make the little plastic jars that we feed our kids out of. The little yogurt pouches that our kids drink out of everything, just to move food around in plastic packets.

I'm sorry, Freeburg, Freeburg, why would the chicken nuggets from Wendy's though be so?

Is it because they are eating? They are eating things that have plastics in them. Plastics in them.

But we also don't know.

And so then we're eating the chicken, so we're eating the plastic. We're eating the plastic. And it's also the fact that the way that they process the chicken and the material that they use and the packaging that they use and how they move this stuff. from one place to another, you got bags that are holding chicken breasts that then get put in the thing. And then the oil has, you know, the oil is transported in plastic.

We don't know. So it's plastic all the way down.

It's guys, look at this. I mean, these are the things like, look at Annie's. I, first of all, I really dislike Annie's labeling and packaging. I think it's very ugly. So I've never bought it for that reason. But I know that there's a lot of private equity moms that buy Annie's.

Here, go ahead, go ahead.

And so the problem is you see organic when you go like we again, we go to Drager's. That's typically where we go, sometimes we go to Whole Foods, but we go to Drager's and Sagona's. That's the places we go to in our neighborhood. And when you go and you look at these things like prepared meals, as an example, the thing that has always attracted me to Annie's is because it is positioned as it is cleaner and better for you. and you see everybody buying it. And what you actually see sitting on the shelf that's left over is actually the chef Boyardee and the Campbell's. And I always thought to myself, I won't buy Annie's because I actually don't like the label, to be honest. That was like, that was really why I did, just deeply disliked the packaging, but it turns out it's the absolute worst for you.

Yeah, it is. And, and let me just, let me tell you guys some stats about this. So we produce about 3 million tons of daylights a year, creating them that we use in our industrial supply chain. The global market for phthalates is about $10 billion per year. We find it everywhere in our tap water. As measured in the US in multiple places, there's about one microgram. So those were nanograms, so you kind of divide it by a thousand. So that Annie's thing has 50 micrograms of phthalates in it, but there's about one microgram of phthalates per liter of water that you're drinking. Now, here's a study was done out of Germany. where they basically tried to estimate how much people were consuming. And on average, people consume or ingest about six micrograms of phthalates per kilogram of your body weight per day. So an adult male is consuming about 500 micrograms of phthalates per day. That's half a gram per day. And the human body metabolizes and excretes it. It comes out the EPA, all of the administrative like agencies that oversee this stuff, they're like, It's okay, we metabolize it. As long as we don't consume more than we can metabolize, it's gonna be safe cuz it's not gonna stay in our bodies, it's gonna wash out. Here's the problem. While it's in your body, while it's moving through your body being metabolized, it is what's called an endocrine disruptor. And we talked about this in the past with respect to the sunscreens. These phthalates actually interfere with the hormones that are made by things like your pituitary gland, your thyroid, and even some of the hormones that are produced in testicle cells. There was another study done that really tried to estimate what the impact was. And here is a study that showed how do phthalates actually interact with different parts of the endocrine system? And they went through and they found all these places that biological hormones and the endocrine system are disrupted by the phthalates. And we'll put credit for everyone that shared these papers here later. And they basically showed the mechanism by which the phthalates are actually disrupting endocrine systems. Now, what is the endocrine system? We talked about endocrine disruptors in the past. The endocrine system is the interaction of hormones with cells in your body produced by all these different glands in your body, like your thyroid, your pituitary gland, and so on, controls things like growth. tissue development, reproductive tissue activity like making sperm cells, autonomic function like body temperature, blood pressure, sleep, heart rate regulation, injury and stress response, your mood, all of those things are regulated by your endocrine system. And so when the hormones or the proteins or peptides that are made by those glands are disrupted by these phthalates, it can actually disrupt those systems and mess them up. So while we're not consuming generally speaking enough phthalates to cause cancer. And therefore, we all say, hey, it's okay. These phthalates aren't that bad. We're not going to all die from cancer. The truth is there is demonstrations now on how they can actually disrupt the activity of your endocrine system and as a result have all of these deleterious effects. Another study done on 125 men out of China, this paper was done out of China, they saw damage to testicle cells that would die, testicle cells that would produce fewer sperm, and then testicle cells that produced sperm with extra nuclei. And they actually demonstrated this in rats. So the set of compounds can be fairly disruptive. So now we'll go to the next story, right? And the next story is the one that everyone's writing about, which is, oh my God, there's plastic in balls. So a team at University of New Mexico that was published in the Journal of Toxicological Sciences just last week. They took 47 neutered dogs testicles from a local pet clinic where they were getting neutered, and they found on average 128 micrograms per gram of microplastics in those testicles. And it was mostly, you know, polyvinyl chloride or one of the main plastics and polyethylene. And again, phthalates leach out of these plastics and leach into the cells. And then they went to the medical investigator's office and they found these, the, testicles that were frozen for seven years because when they do a medical investigation and they keep all the body parts, they keep them on ice and then they throw them away after seven years. So before they threw them away, they got permission of humans. They got permission to use these testicles to figure out are there plastics and they measured it. In the frozen balls.

In the frozen balls.

These are ancient frozen balls. How old are these balls?

23 frozen balls, about seven years old.

Okay, seven year old balls frozen.

Wait, are people donating their balls to science? Is that how it works? No, it's like when there's like a homicide or someone and, or you don't know who died or Where there's an investigation into why someone died. The corner keeps the body parts in case it's needed for a police case later.

All right, I'll stay on the record. I don't want my balls used that way.

Okay. You don't have the frozen balls on your driver's license? Like freeze my balls?

They asked me to store my balls. I think they said, you got such huge balls.

Anyway, they got 23 of these balls from these bodies and they found Plastics on average, 328 micrograms per gram of testicle in these balls.

What do you usually find? Freeberg, what do you usually find in these balls?

Well, we don't know because we've never taken human tissue and tried to take it apart in a very detailed way to figure out how much plastic is there, what is it doing to our body? But now I just want to connect the dots. So now we have a sense that there's these phthalates and these other compounds that come with plastics that leak in, that cause all this disruption. separately, we're seeing this accumulation of these little plastic particles. And remember, plastics are polymers. They're long chains of monomers. And so they can be short chains, they can be long. So they break apart, break apart, break apart, and little tiny bits of them end up and they're very hard to metabolize and they sit in your tissue and then they can cause all this disruption.

So, you know, I think these are like generally, I'm just gonna say it. I'm just, first of all, I really appreciate that you did this. I think it's so important. We talked about microplastics a little bit ago. You know, Jay Cal moved his whole family away, I guess a few years ago from plastics. I've started to do it four or five months ago.

But you can't get away from it. It's everywhere.

No, and that's the supply chain is your point.

It's in the water, it's in the air, it's everywhere. This is what I was gonna say. I think our food supply, I think we should just say it out loud, is totally corrupted. And I think there's all of these other factors we look at. the rise in the use of SSRIs, the lack of sexual function in young men, the lack of sex, the low birth rate. I think these are all related and part of it is the food supply and part of the food supply problem is the fact that it is corrupted by these materials that should never be in our body.

I want to just switch back on this because I don't, I want to limit it.

That's a guess, but I honestly think it's the truth.

I don't want to limit it. I don't want to limit it to the food supply because here's the other thing. All of us are wearing clothes that use polymers, which are plastics. All of us are sitting at desks that have coatings of polymers on them. All of us have iPhones that use polymers. All of us drive cars. And the rubber, one of the ways that they found that plastic, these microparticles are getting in the air is through tires. When we drive, little particulates end up in the atmosphere. We breathe them in, and then they end up in our body. Every part of our industrial supply chain uses polymers, every part of our industrial supply chain.

I don't know you, but the concentration, I'm gonna guess that the concentration when you actually put it in your body and then your intestines and your organs are bathed in this stuff, I'm gonna guess that the food supply has a huge part to do with this. Yeah, but when you're, let's say you.

Take, let's say you're wearing a clothing, almost all of our clothes now, many of our clothes have polymers in them. We put it in the washing machine, it ends up in the water supply chain. We consume that water. I, it's very hard to say that there's a specific action. Our whole system has been inundated with these lower costs.

Okay, then let me say it in a way that maybe you will agree with then. We need to fix something. My starting point would be the food supply. Yeah.

Where do you start? Yeah. Water. Yeah.

My big takeaway is sort of like yours, which is almost impossible to alter this industry overnight, given how ubiquitous these compounds are and everything we do and touch. tires, phones, clothing, et cetera. But I think that this is going to trigger and is the beginning of a wave. I'm noticing that a lot of folks are going to start to pay attention in the food industry and start to figure out ways to represent low plastic, low phthalate food products as a way to kind of sell a more premium solution. I think that's been the trend historically with the food industry, Chamath, is to respond to your ask right now. and to then show up with, with solutions. So I do think that that's, and, and just, just taking a step back, we don't have to use these, these are all based on fossil fuel. So the way we make plastics is we basically pull oil out of the ground and we turn it into these polymers. That's the basis of this chemical industry. We don't have to do that with the same function. We can get the same function from what are called bioplastics. So these can, these are compounds that can actually be much more biodegradable. that are made with biological systems and not made from oil using synthetic chemicals systems. So I do think that there's a really big opportunity for a wave of bioplastic alternatives, given that this is now becoming a little bit more obvious to folks that there is this kind of systemic problem, that this is ubiquitous and that we do need to kind of address it.

Okay, so just zooming out here for a minute, you talked about the phthalates, but What about the Bofas, Freeberg? The study on the Bofas.

Let me play in. What are the Bofas, Jason? Bofas, not some Bofas.

Well done.

That was really well done.

That was really, really well done. You nailed it.

We were getting our work chopped up before the show.

I was like, what is Bofas? I have both of them. That's awesome.

Try not to start laughing before you deliver the joke next time.

Try.

Oh my God.

Where's the air horn, Nick?

Play the air horn. No, no. Okay, but let's get serious here for a second.

I have a real question. Part of the thing that I think is broken is that I think somewhere along the way we got screwed up in how food is labeled, right? And then it was It was gamed effectively, right? So for years, even when I was growing up, I thought you should not buy food that had, that was high in fat. As an example, and little did I know I was ingesting all these sugars as a substitute to fat, it was a total mistake. Does the labeling need to become simpler and focus on these things that are just fundamentally carcinogenic for us? One, two, are there like lawsuits that need to happen, a la cigarettes where you kind of Mm-. Connect the dots between these phthalates and, and a bunch of these diseases. Cause it, it just seems like we are, people have thrown their hands in the air for years, right? Some people say autism and diet are correlated, right? Other people, so they're, they're, you know, Crohn's, the rise of Crohn's. There's so many of these conditions that there is a cohort of people that attribute most of the reason what the pathology of the disease exists. to food. So what do we do?

We're pesticides, right? Yeah, that was in there too.

Is that your actual office behind you, or is that a background, Jemal?

That's my office.

Yeah, yeah.

So like every one of those books is coded in some of these compounds.

No, these are phthalate free because these are from the 1400s. They didn't have that back then.

Okay, good.

All right.

Well, everything else that the desk is made of, all of the collectors items.

Yeah, these are collectors items, bro. These are, these are from an era where that's something.

And you're, you're, you're pure, I'm assuming you're, you're, you're wearing a pure baby wool sweater, which doesn't have any polymers.

But it's baby cashmere. Yeah, but I think what's, what, what's.

What'S overwhelming about this problem, biodegradable, right? I think, I think baby Catherine is biodegradable. It is. What's overwhelming about this problem is the.

Ubiquity of the problem. It's almost like asking, tell me everywhere that carbon is used.

Imagine if you had to label every-.

No, I know what you're trying to hone you into this one area that I actually, I get the tires and the this and the that. I'm trying to get to something that I fundamentally care about. I have young children. I feed them food every day. I don't trust my food supply. I have never really trusted it. And this kind of stuff adds to this body of evidence where I'm worried that if my kids go through some kind of an issue, at the core of it will actually be something dietary. I think it's typically overlooked by modern medicine because you'll treat it symptomologically. You'll try to give it some kind of pill. It's not how you treat a lot of these things. It could turn out where I think restructuring someone's diet can actually have an enormous impact. So I'm just trying to figure out what is something that we can all start to do to get a handle on this because you're putting food in your body every day.

Yeah, it seems like you're saying it's It's, helpless here, Freeberg. There's nothing we can do. And I think what Chamoth and I are asking you is like, where do we start? How can we start to get off of plastics?

I think we gotta go into the source. So biopolymers are made by living organisms. They're, they're typically longer chains of what are more like sugar molecules and they can be used in a similar way that we're, they're not gonna be as good as synthetic polymers that we use today. So a lot of our applications, a lot of our industry would have to be rebuilt. to go back to redesign the whole system. But we got to redesign the whole system, Toma. We're making everything out of these products because they're cheap. And because we can pull oil out of the ground and turn it into cheap stuff, and then it makes things affordable for everyone on earth. And that's how this industry emerged. You know, it was not like some, someone randomly came along and said, let's put plastics in everything. Cause it's going to be good for people. It was a way to make products more accessible and more available and cheaper, and it's everywhere. So I think there's this real question of like, what industrial synthetic chemistries do we use today as a species that we should rethink using and start at that level and then rebuild from there? And I think shining a light on this stuff and just talking about what these products are and.

I think that's a lot of laudatory but too complicated. I want something simpler, which is like, can we get a law passed so that chickens cannot eat certain kinds of food that are known to be high in phthalates?

Yeah, and here's an idea. Look at this. Chamath, like, look at this banana. Like, I just, as a news flash, a banana already has a wrapper. It's called the peel. And then people are wrapping plastics on this stuff. Like, I think consumers need to demand.

That, like, we have to take a picture of a banana.

Why don't you take a picture of a banana?

I found that on the internet.

I didn't actually take it myself.

Okay. I thought you were, like, sitting at the store photographing a banana. You know, when you see this kind of packaging, this is what has made me nuts in my life is all this crazy packaging going on. and in Europe, you are required at the supermarket. And people do this when they get to the end of the counter, they take the packaging off. The supermarket has to take the packaging, right? So they have to bear the burden of it. So if you get a two-butter-tooth paste, you can take the packaging off and hand them the thing. Other places are now saying, hey, if you're coming for peanut butter or grains or flour or sugar, they have a barrel of sugar. They put it in a brown bag and you get this, like, more clean experience. I think we have to have, like, Both ends of this, the supply chain, there's also consumers.

There's a, there's like a marketing- I want my bananas to come with packaging on them. You do, you want them wrapped in plastic?

Fingertips.

I don't want anyone's fingerprints on my bananas.

You don't eat the peel, brother.

You don't eat the peel. Yeah, but it's, I could touch it.

I haven't, we haven't bought water bottles. I want everything to come in hermetically sealed plastic. Yeah, but then how many people in.

Your house handle your banana?

Pause. Whoa, whoa.

She's asking how many people in his house handled his banana?

No, no, Diddy.

No, but the real issue is not that. It's like when the girls in your family have puberty younger and younger and you're like, why is that happening? Or inconsistent periods or when the boys go through these weird, you know, moments where they're like, not really growing.

TikTok.

No, I'm just telling you, like, there's.

So many things that we have to panic about. It's hard to, to your point, it's hard to attribute.

Yeah.

To one thing.

Yeah, but I think, I think the, I think the thing that everybody could get, get focused on is how can you correct at least the marketing versus the reality in our food supply? You know, a different example, I remember Nat telling me something, which was along the lines of like hormone free is something that's marketed, but like chickens have been hormone free since like the fifties, but it's like there's some latent hormones left inside of them. And then some of the feed is, is really poorly constructed and you should be focused on like air chilled versus water chillers, whatever. There's just so much bullshit out there. And I, so I think it's hard if you're like trying to take care of your family and make sense of it all.

Yeah.

Make sense of it all. It's just like, it seems like it's.

I think everyone, everyone feels helpless and everyone wants to grasp for something.

I find this super frustrating because it's something that I, I really care about my, like what I eat. Right.

Totally.

And it came from a place where a lot of disease in my family and then I was overweight when I was young. And so I just want to kind of like toe off.

No, I mean you eat and it's impossible.

If you're eating phthalates. No, I know Jason, but my takeaway is there's going to be a lot of phthalates in my balls. Yes, absolutely. Despite all the stuff that I do, I'm no better off than somebody eating at Wendy's in the end of the day. And I feel like, well, what is all that time and expense and difficulty? Is it not worth it?

Well, there's other health benefits to it, of course. and there's environmental benefits, but, you know, we went all glass bottles, as I told you. And, you know, then I find out that some of the cans we have, because it's a couple of things we like, like certain natural sodas, they got.

Plastic on the inside of the aluminum cans.

Plastic on the inside. Exactly. I'm like, I thought I was doing.

The right thing here by going aluminum cans. Now you gotta get rid of plastic on the inside.

Exactly. So the moral of the story is.

Don'T try to do the right thing. I mean, I don't know.

But anyway, I just wanna. I think this stuff is unavoidable. I really do.

That'S why I'm not worried about it.

I think, I think, I think, I think you're right. And I think that's why you see all of these kinds of diseases, these chronic and acute conditions just ticking up.

Tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick. It's. Well, anyway, I think this was a fascinating science Corner, and I, I, I, I took a screenshot of Sachs during it. This is Sachs's interest level.

You can always tell how good it is. No, look, I thought. I thought this was a science corner I could finally use, you know? Absolutely.

Yeah. They actually checked Saks' balls for the plastics and all they found were steel. So there it is. There you go. Yeah, it's just brass balls. Going around the horn here. What's your favorite balls in pop culture? For me, it's gotta be idiocracy. I love, have you guys seen Idiocracy, Mike Judge's film? I haven't seen it. Okay, so in the film, I'll just cue this up. Society has gone to the lowest possible IQ. Everybody's got an 80 IQ, and like people, like a reality TV star is running the country into the ground. That's what he has in idiocracy. And the number one television show is essentially a TikTok called Ouch My Balls. Here it is.

Ouch My Balls.

It's basically the number one television show in this society, this dystopian society where all the crops have died and they don't know how to make crops anymore. is Ouch My Balls. It's just a supercut of a guy getting kicked in the nuts. Saks, what's your favorite ball moment in pop culture?

I agree, Glenn Ross. All right, here it is, folks.

Yeah, this is.

That's how you have these.

That's like Baldwin.

Yeah.

Freeberg, you got a favorite ball clip from pop culture for yourself?

That tickles you?

No. Chompa, you got one? I'm gonna find one.

You got one?

Okay, everybody, this has been. A spectacular episode of the World's Number One Podcast. It's episode 180 of the All In Podcast with you again for the Sultan of Science, David Friedberg. David Sachs.

By those rainmen. There's a compilation of YouTube, on YouTube, of all these Austin Powers moments of Austin Powers getting kicked in the balls.

Yeah, baby. And we'll see you all at the Omen Summit in September. bye-bye. Love you, bro.

Bye-bye.

We'll let your winners ride.

Rain Man, David S.

And it said.

We open source it to the fans, and they've just gone crazy with it.

Love you, West.

Queen of Kin. besties are bad.

We should all just get a room and just have, like, one big, huge orgy, because they're all just. It's like this, like, sexual tension, but they just need to release them out.

We need to get.

Merchies are back. And now the plugs. The All In Summit is taking place in Los Angeles on September 8th through the 10th. You can apply for a ticket at summit.allinpodcast.co. Scholarships will be coming soon. You can actually see the video of this podcast. on YouTube, youtube.com slash at all in or just search all in podcast and hit the alert bell and you'll get updates when we post. And we're going to do a party in Vegas. My understanding when we hit a million subscribers, so look for that as well. You can follow us on x x. com slash the all in pod TikTok is all underscore in underscore talk Instagram the all in pod and on LinkedIn, just search for the all in podcast. You can follow Chamath at x. com slash Chamath. and you can sign up for a substack@chamath.substack.com I do freeberg can be followed@x.com freeberg and ohalo is hiring click on the careers page@ohalo genetics.com and you can follow saxs@x.com david saxs sax recently spoke at the American Moment conference and people are going crazy for it it's pinned to his tweet on his X profile I'm Jason Galicanis I am x.com Jason and if you want to see pictures of my Bulldogs and the food I'm eating Go to instagram.com/jason in the first name club. You can listen to my other podcast this week in startups, just search for it on YouTube or your favorite podcast player. We are hiring a researcher. Apply to be a researcher, doing primary research and working with me and producer Nick, working in data and science and being able to do great research, finance, et cetera, all in podcast.co/research. It's a full time job working with us, the besties. And Really excited about my investment in Athena. Go to Athena. Wow. AthenaWow.com and get yourself a bit of a discount from your boy, Jay Cow, AthenaWow.com. We'll see you all next time on the All-In Podcast.