Is There Really a Drug For Every Biohack? With Dr. Sandra Kaufmann

You said something like, there's a drug for just about everything that people do to optimize health with those type of methods these days.

I think that's exactly what I said.

Are you saying that there is a substitute for hard work?

I think they're just very complementary. There has to be a way to sort of replicate things. You know, I love exercise. I'm a junkie just like, you know, probably most of your followers, but I travel a ton and I'm certainly not going to pull a sauna out of my suitcase in a hotel room.

In this episode of the Boundless Life Podcast, I'm going to revisit an interview that I did with Dr. Sandra Kaufman, one of my favorite doctors because she's just fascinating and kind of weird, which is cool. The reason I wanted to re-air this conversation now is that a lot of what we talk about in this episode has become extremely relevant due to recent developments in the longevity drug space. Dr. Kaufman is technically an anesthesiologist. She spends her time asking a question that I love in this show. If a sauna or a fast or a cold plunge works by hitting a specific cellular target, is there a clean, well-studied drug that hits the same target? Her answer is often yes, and this episode dishes out the full list. Now, since we initially recorded this episode, Harvard researchers published a paper in Nature showing that lithium, which we talk about in this show, as you'll hear, is a naturally occurring nutrient in your brain, and losing it may be one of the earliest steps towards Alzheimer's. The dose that worked to address this was a tiny fraction of a psychiatric dose. That's exactly the range that Dr. Kaufman talks about in this show, years ahead of these headlines. So, this is relevant. The shownotes are going to be at BenGreenfieldLife.com/Pharma. That's BenGreenfieldLife.com/Pharma. A-R-M-A. Let's go talk with Sandy.

Sandy, welcome to the show.

Great to be here. This is going to be fun.

I know. Remember we were at that conference in the mountains, nosebleed country somewhere?

Where were we?

I forget.

Sundance.

Oh, yeah, Sundance. Sundance. We were at this private longevity conference and we were talking about exercise and sauna and cold and red light therapy and all these things that people do. And, you said, well, I travel a lot and I've got a hack for a lot of that stuff that saves me a lot of time. And, you basically, I think the way you phrase it was you said something like, there's a drug for just about everything that people do to optimize health with those type of methods these days.

I think that's exactly what I said, yeah.

And then, I think what I said, not to rehash our entire conversation, was we should do a podcast about that.

Yeah, here we are.

Okay. So, what actually got you thinking about this in the first place? Was it just, hey, I'm busy, I don't have time to sit for 40 minutes in a sauna or go to the gym for an hour, or I hate cold plunges? Or, what actually got you down this path of pharmaceutical alternatives to popular biohacks?

Well, as you said in the intro, I'm a physician. I'm an anesthesiologist. So, what I do mostly all day is deal with pharmaceuticals. And pharmaceuticals are very clean molecules. We know who made them. We know exactly what they do. And so, when you start studying these molecules, you figure out what they actually do for your cells. So, if you trace everything back to cellular optimization, you'll find that the behaviors of these molecules trigger the exact same things that a lot of these very popular activities do. So, whereas I'm not against sitting in a sauna, it feels great. When you boil it down, it's the same mechanism. So, if you're busy, it's just easier.

Yeah. And, I know you have kind of a whole list of things that you do, but before we even dive into that, I just know a lot of people right off the bat are thinking, well, wait, there's a difference between climbing Mount Everest and getting dropped off by a helicopter on the top of Mount Everest. And, if you're going to tell me some drug simulates me focusing and meditating and breathing my way and counting my way through a sauna session, Surely I'm gonna miss out on some of the character development.

Well, in no way can I develop anyone's character. Um, if you have poor character, that— I can't help you. What, what I can do is recommend systems to, again, cellular optimization.

Are you saying that there is a substitute for hard work, that there's a shortcut, or that there is a time and a place when you could use something to simulate what you might be getting through the hard work, blood, sweat, and tears?

I think they're just very complementary. Sometimes, you have time for these things and sometimes, you don't. And, there has to be a way to sort of replicate things. I love exercise. I'm a junkie just like probably most of your followers. I run, I lift, I swim, I rock climb, but I travel a ton. So, I just can't always get to those things. And, I'm certainly not going to pull a sauna out of my suitcase in a hotel room. So, I think they're going to work hand in hand, especially for people that are on the road a bit or just, you know, it's just easier. Sometimes people have busy jobs, busy lives. It's just going to augment what people are doing already.

Okay, got it. And then, by the way, I'm going to buy the website suitcasesauna.com. You just gave me a great business idea. The other thing just to get a lot of these precursors out of the way is I know you're going to describe a lot of these pharmaceuticals and drugs. And, I also know that people are likely going to wonder, well, my doctor's never going to prescribe me this stuff. My doctor's not going to give me whatever pigilattazone or whatever that one is for autophagy and prescribe that to me just because I can't get in the sauna or exercise or something like that.

That, that is true. So it depends on the physician to which you are going. Typical primary care folks are going to look at this stuff and go, yeah, that, that's ridiculous. It's, it's, it's, you know, unclear, unheard of, whatever. However, there are some physicians that will do it. For example, I do it. I see patients in Hollywood, Florida, and, and I will prescribe it as well. There are, you know, ways to get it on the internet, and I don't want to be seen as suggesting that people do things illegally. But there are absolute ways to get medications easily, safely, as long as people do it sort of in a safe way. And some of the drugs I talk about are completely and utterly safe, and some of the other ones need a little bit of guidance.

Right, right. No, I've never bought laboratory research chemicals not safe for human consumption off Sigma-Aldrich, but people do that, I hear. So, when We're talking about, let's say, autophagy, right? One common thing that people do to enhance autophagy is fast. It modulates the AMPK and the mTOR pathways. And, it's one of the ways that we see potential increases in longevity in yeast, fruit fly, other organisms. Some would argue that a big part of it is the calorie restriction, not the compressed feeding window. But nonetheless, there's some autophagy that takes place via that and some of these other things that people do that are hormetic stressors. What would you use as some type of agonist for something like that?

: So, that's actually really funny. I thought we were going to do it the other way around from top to bottom. You're starting at the bottom. So, in order to activate autophagy, you need to tell your body that you have fewer calories available. So, you need to activate AMP kinase, right? Or deactivate mTOR. There are several medications that do this. The most infamous, of course, is metformin. A lot of longevity folks are on metformin, so that's an easy one to start with. But several other ones do it too. Pioglitazone does it. Lithium does it. So, autophagy is actually a pretty easy category to hit.

What was that? Pioglitazone? Describe that one to me.

So, so pioglitazone is a really interesting drug. It is sold as a diabetic drug. What it is is a PARR gamma activator. What is that, we ask? So it basically controls glucose metabolism, but it also does some, some alpha activity. And what it does is several things. So number one, it lowers your glucose levels. Number 2, in your mitochondria, it activates your PCG-1 alpha, which is really quite useful. One of the most important things I think that it does is it actually mobilizes your visceral fat. So, if you are getting older and your visceral fat is building up, that's actually extremely bad for you. It's a bad sign of, you know, near death. So, what pioglitazone does is it mobilizes your visceral fat and moves it into subcutaneous compartments where, number 1, you look more youthful, but in fact, you're reducing cause of death. So, pioglitazone is just an amazing, amazing drug.

Would you say that pioglitazone would trump metformin when it comes to a lot of these autophagy and mTOR-modulating mechanisms?

I would actually. Yeah.

Is it a new drug? Do a lot of people know about this?

No, it's not a new drug at all. Some people don't like it because it will put an extra pound on you. So, if you're fat, you get a whiff fatter. But, if you are thin, it doesn't really do that. And, it has a few other cool things up its sleeve. For example, it activates klotho. Very few things do that. And, that's sort of a cool thing that it does. And, one of the other things is because it reduces glucose, it actually also inhibits AGE formation. So, advanced glycation end product. So, it hits many, many reasons or categories of aging.

What's the mechanism of action via which you would gain fat?

Because it's sort of mucking around with your PARR alpha activity. So, basically, your body has a choice. Am I going to use fats or am I going to use glucose?

Oh, I see. So, you're burning more glucose and thus you're dipping into less of your fat stores.

That is correct. But, what it does do to the fat is it redistributes it.

Okay. You also mentioned that with pioglitazone, It can upregulate the klotho pathways. I've talked about klotho a little bit on the show, but can you explain why that would be beneficial?

So, to be perfectly honest, we don't exactly know what klotho does, but it's demonstrated that at least in kidney cells, if you have a plethora of it around your cells, you do significantly better. A lot of people are trying to figure out exactly why that is. Everyone's trying to upregulate your klotho. But, in terms of actual specific cellular mechanisms, we don't really know yet.

It has an effect on cognition too, doesn't it?

It does. It has positive effects everywhere. The highest levels are in your kidney, but it does, it gets everywhere. And, there's an absolute correlation between higher levels and just cellular health. But again, in terms of absolute specific mechanisms of action, we don't know.

Yeah. When I interviewed Dr. Adeel Khan a few months ago, he was even looking into gene therapy, I think, by the company Mini-Circle for klotho. That I don't know if it's been approved or even released yet, but apparently, that's one of the gene therapy targets that should be rolling out, I would imagine, in the next year for klotho. What do you think about that whole realm of gene therapy?

I have to say I'm a little skeptical. I like the idea that we can titrate medications or titrate the input of things because we don't actually know if— sometimes, too much of a good thing is not necessarily good. And once you put something in your genetic makeup, there's no taking it back.

Yeah. Unless, unless you use the, the reversible antibiotic, which apparently can do it.

Well, so they say, right? But, you know, Liz Parrish is very much into gene therapy, and I think it does have a lot of good things about it. As for myself, and as for patients that I speak with, I think we're not quite ready for that yet. Which is why I like pharmaceuticals. They're known, they're trusted, we know what the half-life is. You can either give it or not give it, titrate accordingly. I think it's a little bit safer.

Right. The difficulty of the approval process automatically introduces a bit of a gating and vetting mechanism with a pharmaceutical, that's for sure.

Oh, it does. Yeah.

Okay. So, your sauna in a suitcase. You can't pack your sauna in a suitcase. You get to your hotel or you're traveling and you want to get the benefits of, let's say, the heat shock proteins and the other things that sauna does for you. What's your drug of choice?

Oh. So, this is a great one. I love this one. So, this is a drug called Selbex, S-E-L-B-E-X. And, it's been FDA-approved in Japan for drug-induced gastritis. And oddly enough, it upregulates heat shock proteins. And that's pretty much all it does. So it's, it's really remarkable because there have been some studies in early Alzheimer's demonstrating that if you are on Selvex, you just do significantly better because Alzheimer's is a disease of misfolding of proteins. And if you can refold them, are you just going to do significantly better? Therefore, on top of not getting drug-induced gastritis from all the drugs that I'm on, I am readily upregulating all of my heat shock proteins.

Oh. So, these other drugs— well, explain what drug-induced gastritis is because you make a good point. If you're using all these things, there might be effects on your gastrointestinal system that you want to avoid.

No, correct. So, anyone that takes a variety of medications knows that sometimes people say, oh, it just doesn't sit in my stomach well, right? Because it does. It goes to a stomach, sits on the lining where it has to just sort of have these drugs absorbed. And sometimes, that causes a bit of inflammation. which we call gastritis, right? Because it's in the gastric area. And that just can be extremely annoying. You know, people perceive it as heartburn, abdominal pain, etc. So, this drug is specifically for drug-induced gastritis, which I find horribly ironic, right? So, I get to pop it into my pill stack and it helps me in 2 regards.

So, is the mechanism of action by which it would inhibit gastritis based on the actual production of heat shock proteins, or is that just kind of a bonus side effect that gives you the The sauna without a sauna.

It's the same effect based in 2 different tissues. So, but because heat shock protein is going to help with protein creation and proteostasis, which is basically getting destroyed by the inflammatory process of drugs sitting in your stomach. So, it's the same process in a different organ system.

So, when you see these studies out of Finland that show that regular use of a sauna 4 to 5 times a week, results in, particularly in men who are studied there, remarkable decrease in risk of dementia and Alzheimer's. Is that via this same heat shock protein-like effect that Celbex is simulating?

Absolutely. Absolutely. Because Alzheimer's is, as I said, it's a protein misfolding disease. That's what amyloid is. And, if you can refold these proteins, then you don't get as much cell dysfunction. And therefore, the dementia is less pronounced or even reversed.

So, if you had a high genetic risk for something like Alzheimer's or dementia, maybe you didn't have access to a sauna, you couldn't afford a sauna, you're traveling and can't use a sauna, or you're even intolerant to a sauna, maybe you're claustrophobic or you freak out or you can't stand the heat or whatever, Cellbex could be a good choice.

Oh, it absolutely is. And, there are zero side effects. Zero side effects. Incredible medication. And, I would even say use it in addition to the sauna because there's no ramification of over-upregulating your heat shock proteins.

Have you ever used it and because of the upregulation of these heat shock proteins found that a sauna becomes more intense or uncomfortable or does it not cause anything like that?

No, you would never know because it's not affecting the temperature of your body at all. I mean, obviously heat shock proteins are being upregulated because you are in an area that is hot, right? By definition, that's what happens. Why does that happen? Because if you think about the molecular basis of proteins, when you heat them up, they lose their 3-dimensional structure, right? They fall apart, and then a chaperone has to come and put the molecule back together so that the protein does what it's supposed to do. But it's based on the stress of temperature. Right? Celbex isn't based on the stress of temperature. There's no temperature elevation whatsoever. It just upregulates the chaperones. So, you're not going to see any interaction between the 2 systems physically. You're only going to see it on a molecular basis.

And arguably, if you had upregulated heat shock protein density due to Celbex use, you would be able to withstand heat a little bit better. Like, if your friends had challenged you to see who can lasts the longest time in a sweat lodge, that might be your illegal performance-enhancing drug of choice.

I don't know if that's true. Feel free to try it because I don't think that you can—

Proceed at your own risk.

I don't know. I don't think you can perceive that your proteins are unfolding.

Well, I was more referring to the fact that I believe one effect of higher number of heat shock proteins would be increased ability to be able to withstand temperature stress.

I don't know why people get up and leave the sauna. Is it dehydration? Is it electrolyte deficiency? Is it just an elevated temperature that's causing an inflammatory process? I actually don't know what causes people to get up and leave. I don't think that you can actually physically sense your proteins unfolding because that would be pretty damn impressive.

Wow.

Yeah, yeah. That's a good point. You'd have to have some Jedi skills. I would imagine—

If you really want to do it, put an IV in, be hydrated, drink a lot of electrolytes, take an anti-inflammatory, and then I bet you can do it.

Yeah, yeah. I bet one of the reasons people get out of the sauna is very similar to the so-called central governor mechanism that causes people in, say, an Ironman triathlon or a marathon to bonk even when adequate carbohydrates are present. the body kind of or the brain kind of shuts down the body because it perceives stress that could in some way become pretty deleterious, right? Like, you've been going for 8 hours now, you better just stop. And, you get central nervous system fatigue due to that central governor. Tim Noakes, I think, has done some writing on this. So, I think probably that's one of the reasons people tap out in the sauna. But anyway, so CellBex. That's an interesting one. You just mentioned inflammation. I know there's a lot of anti-inflammatories out there. There's also a lot of protocols that people do to lower inflammation such as cold therapy or red light therapy or something like that. What would you say from a recovery or an anti-inflammatory or even an oxidative stress reduction type of strategy would be pharmaceutical?

Ooh, that's a good question. So, the best one is going to be one that no one's ever going to take. Well, I take it. So, hydralazine.

Hydralazine.

Okay. You're going to love this one. So, hydralazine is a medication that people would give you if you walked into the emergency room with very elevated blood pressure. Okay. So, it is an arterial vasodilator. So, basically, it will emergently drop your blood pressure. Therefore, it takes a while to build up into your system to actually be able to take it safely. A lot of people are on it.

So, are we talking about more powerful than something like Viagra or sildenafil?

So, that is a completely different drug class, and we can get to those. But, the interesting thing about hydralazine is the hydrazine molecule aspect of it. And the reason I take it is several fold. So number one, it is a very potent free radical scavenger in terms of free radicalized oxygen, but it is also one of the most potent reactive nitrogen scavengers. And by blocking those pathways, you're going to block basically a lot of the inflammatory processes. So that's kind of really cool. The other thing, the hydralazine or the Okay. So, if you eat glucose, and I'm sure you don't, but I'm a junk food junkie. When you eat glucose, it is attracted to very specific amino acids and nucleic acids. And, when it sits on it, it becomes something called an AGE, which is an advanced glycation end product. So, the glucose sits there and it's like 6 non-enzymatic steps. The first 3 are reversible and the last 3 are not. And the idea is during the period that it's reversible, if you put a molecule that's more attractive to the glucose, it'll jump ship and then you just rescued your tissues. So, the hydrazine molecule is extremely attractive to glucose molecule. So, it falls under the transglycosylating sort of category. And, it's been demonstrated that if you take hydralazine and you load up with glucose, the hydralazine molecule bonds to the glucose and you can trace it out of your urine. And, you just sort of avoided a whole glucose load.

So, why'd you say nobody's ever going to take it?

Because it takes a long time to build a tolerance up without killing your blood pressure.

Oh. So, you're going to get dizzy, all the things that would happen if you kind of open up the fire hoses too much.

So, it's a bit like being able to build up toxins in your body sort of. So, when I first started, I took 5 milligrams and thought I was going to die. My blood pressure was 60 over 40 and I thought, oh, this is the dumbest thing I've ever seen.

Oh, my gosh.

So then, I went down to 2.5 milligrams, built up. And, over the course of 3 years, I can now take 100 milligrams with no effect.

Wow.

So, when I down 100 milligrams of hydralazine, I take it now with meals, It's a fantastic transglycosylating agent and reduces inflammatory processes.

You would take it with any meal that contains an appreciable amount of glucose?

Yep.

Okay, interesting. Is there a brand name for hydralazine?

That's the generic name. It is so old and so dirt cheap. I'm sure there are a million names for it.

Okay, okay. Got it. So, that's super interesting because a lot of people talk about the buildup of advanced glycation end products or AGEs as a primary contributor to the aging process, to skin, hair, nail degradation, et cetera. And, this is something that could potentially, especially for someone eating glucose and carbohydrates, put the brakes on that.

Oh, 100%. In fact, I have a 6- to 7-step methodology for blocking The effects of glucose. I mean, you can block the absorption, you can block gluconeogenesis, you can block the formation of sorbitol, you can block AGE production, you can sponge up extra AGEs, you can pee out extra glucose. In fact, now's probably a good time to talk about the flozin category. These are—

Flozin. Okay.

Flozins. So, there's a group of drug, I call them the flozin family, And it's canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin. There's a bunch of them, and they are sodium glucose reuptake inhibitors. And the way this works is that your body, your kidneys filter out most of the glucose floating around in your vasculature, right? I mean, it works backwards than what you would think. So the body takes the glucose out, it sits in your kidneys, and you reuptake it back into your vasculature. Right? So, in effect, you're not usually dumping a whole lot of glucose. But, if you block those receptors, you just pee out a ton of glucose.

I was going to say, if you did want to get insurance or wanted to get screened for something, some of these drugs would potentially raise an eyebrow. Someone might think you were pre-diabetic or diabetic with that amount of glucose in your urine.

Well, I will tell you that, yeah, if you're going to take any lab studies for real, you got to be off all of this stuff because It's just, yeah, it'll, it'll, it'll look pretty damn funny. The other thing is I don't get any of these drugs from the United States because if anyone saw what I was on, they would think I was a 100-year-old diabetic hypertensive, someone dying of cancer. Let's, you know, these are serious drugs.

Yeah.

Is that safe to order these drugs, generic overseas versions? Do you have some kind of a vetting mechanism that you use or something like that?

So, so I do, I do. There's a particular website. I went through a variety of websites to test, and what you do is you see sort of what brands are on this particular website. You check for their authenticity, safety, who makes them, who you know. Yeah, there's a whole series of you know sort of things that I look at to determine what's valid and what's not valid. I think in the United States we become very centric, such that we think that only things made here are reasonable, and in fact, you know there's a whole. You know, globe out there of people taking medications, and they are perfectly safe if you check them, you know, accordingly.

Yeah, well, obviously, since you're a licensed medical physician in the US, I don't know if you're able to share or not. But you said there's a website. Are you able to share the website?

Or is that not allowed? We can, but we have to have the warning that if people order this stuff, and they use it, you know, I'm not their physician. So I don't want to be responsible for anyone killing themselves by accident. Because honestly, these are real guns and someone that knows something should be keeping a watch out for these people.

Okay. Alright. I'll put it in the shownotes at BenGreenfieldLife.com/PharmaHacks. Sandy will email me this hidden secret website where you can get your hands on this kind of stuff. You mentioned when we were talking about not hydralazine, actually, I think it was hydralazine, the one that drops your blood pressure and can cause some vasodilation. that it acts differently than a phosphodiesterase inhibitor like sildenafil. What did you mean when you were talking about that? Is there something else that you would use in that category that would be beneficial for something beyond, say, erectile dysfunction?

So, the answer is yes. Those are phosphodiesterase inhibitors. That's the class of medication that you're looking at. And, I take something called pentoxifylline.

Pentoxifylline.

Pentoxifylline.

Okay.

The question therefore is, well, why? Why would you do this? And, I do it for several reasons. So, the first reason is that it increases microvasculature, blood flow to microvasculature. So, it decreases the viscosity of your blood. It makes blood cells themselves more deformable. So, as you get older and you get capillary death in the— in sort of like the distal aspects of your vascular tree, which is why people have, you know, dysfunction in various areas, this increases oxygenation to the tissues. So, that's incredibly useful. As well, it inhibits glycation. So, this is yet another AGE inhibitor. So, that's quite useful. And, it's also really good for your mitochondria. It's a PCG-1 alpha activator. And, it's an NRF2 activator. So, good for microvasculature, great for your mitochondria, and decreases glycation issues. So, as far as I'm concerned, that's a win-win.

Now, if you're co-consuming a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with something like hydralazine, I would imagine you'd be even more careful because you're going to have 2 different pathways for dropping blood pressure.

That is correct.

Okay. So, you worked your way up with both.

So, what I do is if you look at the recommended dose for any of these medications, it's based on people with pathology, right? So, as an example, this one will say 400 milligrams 3 times a day. Well, I don't actually have any pathology, so I'll take 400 milligrams once a day spaced out from the hydralazine, right? Because the indications and the dose are just entirely different for pathology versus longevity.

And, how much do you think pharmacogenetics plays a role in this as well? Because I know that now it's pretty easy to get a pharmacogenetic profile and it's often included with many of these DNA tests. But, do you think there's a pretty high variation from person to person in terms of the CYP activity or anything else that would determine how hard something like this or soft it might hit someone?

So, you can either— I mean, yes, those tests are extremely useful. On the other hand, you can do what we call the cheat test, right? So, as an example, if you ask someone if they consumed alcohol and they go, oh, I can't do that, I don't metabolize it very well, or I get hungover really easily, clearly, you can look, you know what their genetics are, right?

Or coffee makes me jittery. Yeah.

Yeah. All these enzymes and genetic pathways that you're talking about, we use to metabolize everything else as well. So, you can sort of guess if you don't want to get the genetic testing. On the other hand, it's sort of fun and it's interesting to use, but I will tell you that most people, 90-some percent of the people are all the same.

Yeah, yeah. Okay. I actually want to talk about the brain here for a second because if you look at a lot of these popular nootropics out there, you'll find lithium in many of them, anywhere from, I noticed, about 5 to a maximum of 25 milligrams of lithium in some of these compounds for the research that's been done on lithium as far as brain optimization, delaying cognitive aging, et cetera. And, I remember you brought up lithium when I was sitting with you at that conference one day. And, you mentioned doses of, I think, 75 to 150 milligrams, which You know, is at least 4 times what you'll find in the highest dose of any of these popular nootropics out there. So, what's the deal with lithium? And, in particular, using a higher dose via a pharmaceutical versus, you know, these almost like fairy-dusted doses you'll find in many nootropics?

Excellent question. Excellent question. So, lithium is extremely interesting. And, it came to my attention because I was looking at telomeres and all the enzymes around telomeres. So, telomerase, and TERT, and TERRA, and all of those things. And it turns out, so most people that think about lithium think about people that are bipolar, right? And if you are bipolar and you are put on lithium, that's what most of the studies are. But let me back up. If you are bipolar, your telomeres are statistically significantly shorter than a standard person's telomeres. There are. If someone has been on lithium for greater than 2 years with bipolar disease, Their telomeres are significantly longer than an average person. You say to yourself, well, what's going on here?

Right?

Unfortunately, we don't have any studies of normal people on significant doses of lithium because why would they? So we don't really know what the effects are. However, what we can know is that people in areas where there's higher lithium in foods or in water, etc., there's a decrease in all-cause morbidity and mortality. All cause, right? So it just demonstrates that it's a useful ion, and it turns out that it's considered essential now at one milligram per day, which is pretty pretty pathetic. It's very very low. So what does lithium do? Well, it turns out it competes with the magnesium receptors, so they sort of replace it. So if you had super high doses, six hundred to nine hundred milligrams, you start seeing sort of pathological issues. Usually at 300, you don't. So that's a fairly safe dose, right? So the idea is if you want to maximize your lithium with decreasing side effects, um, I decided on 75 to 150 just based on sort of pharmacodynamics. That's what a person can handle. Um, they're emotionally stable with no side effect profile.

Do you think, do you think that if you were emotionally unstable, Or you dealt with anxiety, even if you weren't bipolar, issues with maybe OCD or ADHD-like tendencies, et cetera, that a higher dose of lithium would be noticeable in terms of modulating some of that?

Oh, 100%. 100%. In fact, I mean, that sounds terrible, but I have 2 teenage daughters. One's 18 and one's 20. And, they were going a bit of stress going to college. All sorts of sort of family stresses, and, and they were really having challenges. I'm like, what the hell? So, I gave them 75 milligrams of lithium a day. And, I have to tell you, they each told me that it takes your stress and turns it down by like 25%, right?

Wow.

With no cognitive change, just calmer, uh, no rash decisions, very stable. Um, and I, and I will tell you that I tend to be a very calm person myself, But, I've had a lot of very sort of horrible things happen in my life over the last year. And, I think that I have managed them better just being on a bit of lithium.

Lithium in the lunchbox for the teenage college students. Lithium is the only thing of these pharmaceuticals we've discussed that I actually implemented after talking with you. I was actually waiting to kind of experiment as a A little bit of a relentless biohacker myself with some of these others until after I'd picked your brain a bit more. We talked enough about lithium at that conference to where I actually ordered it from the source you recommended and started on 75 to 150. I actually upped my dosage about 2 weeks ago. Now, I noticed nothing, I think. And, I also have a very low-stress life. Very low stress, right? I'm in charge of my own schedule. I work from home. I live out in the forest. I've got access to nature. I got a wonderful family. I have an amazing team around me. And, maybe if I were more stressed, and I also haven't had a hefty travel bout or anything like that during which I could potentially try it in a more stressful scenario. But, I did try it not only due to the potential for stress modulation. And again, I just didn't notice much, but also because it just seems to have a lot of other benefits for just long-term cognitive health.

Oh, absolutely. And, just briefly, right? So, other little side things that it does, which I think is really cool. So, in your mitochondria, it actually controls your mitochondrial permeability transition pore. So, for people that don't know what that is, there's little pores in your mitochondria. They go from the outside of the mitochondria all the way to the inside. And, this pore flickers when you are young. It's like a little pop-off valve. And when you are older, it opens more regularly, and toxic items from your mitochondria, especially cytochrome c, go out into the cell, and it actually sort of precipitates cell death. And lithium is one of the things that controls that pore. So that's really amazing. It's also extremely good for autophagy, which, which we know and love. And the last thing is we've found that it's extremely good for stem cell health. As well as osteoblastic health. So, better bones, better stem cells all over, especially neurogenesis. Nerves love it. It gets to the blood-brain barrier, obviously, which is why it's sort of a nootropic. So, a lot of positive aspects without a whole lot of negative stuff.

I'm actually going to mention that to my wife because I actually have a crap ton of lithium. My assistant who I had it ordered seemed to think I You need to store it in a bunker for a while. But, my wife actually has a high risk for osteoporosis. So, I may talk with my wife later on about the osteoblastic activity and see if she wants to try it. Now, you mentioned that it might interfere with magnesium in some manner. I think you said it might block receptors. Would you make a case for increasing magnesium consumption if you were on lithium?

Well, you don't want a full war, right? So, basically, you would think that if you look at the molecules themselves, you're like, they're not going to compete. That's ridiculous. But they actually do. So that this is why higher doses of lithium will cause issues, right? Because then you have a magnesium deficiency. That being said, is most people are magnesium deficient to start with, which is why the magnesium supplement companies are doing so well. What I would recommend, however, is if you are low in magnesium and you want to supplement, go with something that crosses the blood-brain barrier. So that your neurons and such will not become magnesium deficient. Plus, magnesium threonate has demonstrated increased plasticity of the hippocampus. So, theoretically, it'll make you smarter and give you better memories.

Right. So, magnesium threonate would be the choice. I use the stuff by Optimizers, the Magnesium Breakthrough. It's like 7 different forms including threonate. So, That's a good one, I think, good brand if you want to cover your bases with magnesium. So, we mentioned 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 different pharmaceuticals at this point. And, I will take notes for everybody who's trying to furiously write and figure out how to spell these things. I'll put it all at BenGreenfieldLife.com/PharmaHacks. But, it also begs the question, Sandy, what about the liver processing all this stuff? We talked about the gastrointestinal system and some of the things that could help with gastritis. But, what about just overall hepatotoxicity, increased liver enzymes, fibrosis, any of these issues that you might see when consuming a high number of pharmaceuticals?

So, excellent question. So, again, this goes back to see your doctor. If you have normal liver enzymes, normal liver activity, you should be absolutely fine. If you do not, then that's another question.

And then, by the way, see your doctor after you've had about 48 hours of non-difficult exercise because exercise will fabricate high liver enzymes on a lab test. So, you want to kind of have a washout period from exercise, particularly eccentric muscle-damaging exercise before that test, right?

Oh, absolutely, absolutely. The other thing is that, I mean, I've tested mine over and over and everything is always absolutely fine. But this also goes back to dose. If you are on a full therapeutic dose of all of these things, you may take a liver hit, which again is why I used decreased doses and then a very timed out schedule of when do I want to take what, how much. But then again, that— see, this falls into the how I'm an anesthesiologist and what I do for a living. So, you know, Just recommending these as a blanket suggestion for folks is a little bit dangerous. You know, a true medical person needs to actually help plan what someone's going to take, when, and why, and how much.

Right. Big fat warning label on this podcast. A lot of people, and this is even a popular ingredient now in plenty of hangover remedies, will say that something called DHM, dihydromyricetin, can help to lower liver enzymes and And assist with liver health, especially when taking pharmaceuticals, drinking alcohol, et cetera. Is that one that you've ever heard of? It's not a pharmaceutical, it's just like an over-the-counter supplement.

I love dihydromyricetin. Oh, it's one of my favorites. So, dihydromyricetin. So, I went through this whole like how to activate each of the sirtuins independently. And, we all take SIRTUIN-1 activators. And so, I was on this kick to find the 3s. And, of course, the 2 that are decent are hanokiol and dihydromyricetin. Dihydroamericidin works because it, so it basically, it's SIRT3 only. But what that does is it upregulates all of your mitochondrial activities. So especially if you, you know, it's sold as a hangover remedy essentially. So alcohol will destroy your liver mitochondria and by upregulating them more quickly or having them be in a healthier state, you're just going to do better. So I'm a huge fan of dihydroamericidin. The caveat being, of course, is that all sirtuin activators need enough NAD to be efficient because it's a necessary cofactor.

Yeah. Because of the number of supplements that I take, the amount of exercise that I do, the fact that I do have a glass of wine or a cocktail usually about 5 days a week, and now I'm using pharmaceuticals like I actually take a little bit of DHM every morning. I take about 3 DHM capsules from Level Up Health. And then, based on what you described about the sirtuins, I actually use a lot of NAD too. I'm usually NAD or NRIV once a month, NAD patch once a week.

Oh, so let me stop you there.

Oh, okay.

I went on this huge circadian rhythm binge.

Okay.

And, what I discovered was absolutely astounding. Because everyone, every time you go to a lecture on sleep, it's, you know, avoid external stresses, light, food, exercise, et cetera, before you go to sleep. But, as it turns out, there are 2 proteins that put you to sleep, there are 2 proteins that wake you up, and there are 2 proteins that increase the oscillation of those cycles, right? And, NAD and SIRTUIN-1 are— they sort of rule over all of your circadian rhythms, all of these. So, NAD, because it's circadian, has a very short half-life. So, it controls your circadian rhythms and it's created in a circadian rhythm. So, it's extremely important for circadian rhythms. So, if you do a giant IV bolus dose, you are going to screw up your circadian rhythms for several days. So, I don't—

That is interesting.

The other interesting thing about it is if you take your NAD supplement at the wrong time, you can decrease the efficacy of your SIRTUIN-1 supplement. So, the best time to take it is actually mid-afternoon, halfway between your light and dark cycle.

To take NAD mid-afternoon, halfway between your light and dark cycle, and then take your sirtuin at a separate time?

No, you can take those together. But, there was a study that demonstrated sirtuins, the half-life is a little bit longer, but to activate them usually takes about an hour or so. But, if you're going to do an NAD either in an IV, which I don't like because the dose is too big, I like the IM actually. And then, the orals are going to take half an hour or so to take effect. But, if you want to sort of optimize both, mid-afternoon, mid-light cycle.

Yeah. It's never actually disrupted my sleep. I mean, I've done NAD IVs like an hour before bed before, but I also tend to— and I don't know if you could comment on this, maybe it's a CYP thing, I process stuff pretty quickly. Even though I don't, I could drink 5 cups of coffee and be fine. For me to even feel something like psilocybin, I usually have to take 2.5 to 3 grams to actually for it to really kick in at all with noticeable effects. Seems like I need a megadose of just about anything I use.

Well, I think that you've upregulated all of your metabolic enzymes is pretty high and that's why.

Yeah. Maybe all those pre-workout stimulants I mainlined back in the bodybuilding days 24/7.

You never know. But, the other thing you can do is you can come off of everything for a week and then you can deregulate all of those enzymes because everything is on a feedback loop and then see if doses are any different.

Yeah, that's true. For me, that's called camping or hunting. So, the pharmaceuticals we've discussed so far, would you say those are kind of the biggies? That's the core range of items that you would use to simulate a lot of these things people are doing for cold, heat, exercise, fasting, et cetera?

Yeah.

I mean, there's a few other things you can do, but those are the biggies.

Okay. I have a question about— you talked about, for example, mitochondrial proliferation or mitochondrial health. People often use peptides like, let's say, MOTS-c or epitalon as cycles throughout the year to assist with something like that. How equivocal would pharmaceuticals like this be to peptides? More powerful, less powerful, similar?

So, I think that depends on several things. So, peptides, I'm sure your listeners are extremely educated, but I'll just put in my 2 cents worth here. Peptides work by sending messages to your DNA specifically to turn on the production of certain molecules, right? It's like asking for, you know, factory, I would like size X of this particular shoe. It's very specific. The problem is that the older you get, the cell may not be able to do that.

Less building blocks for the factory.

Exactly.

Okay.

So, if you have a very good factory, if you're young, peptides are amazing. If you're old and you're not on a cellular optimization program, they are less effective because basically you're trying to get an old factory to make something that it just can't make, right? So, peptides are, I think, are a fantastic add-on once your cells have been optimized. So, again, so it just depends. So, when you add a pharmaceutical to that, pharmaceuticals will work come hell or high water. Peptides will only work under certain conditions.

Are you still pretty into exosomes too? You gave me an exosome injection. No, you gave me an exosome IV at that conference. I always feel amazing when I get those.

I love exosomes. I have what I call my longevity pyramid. There are things I do every day, things I do every week, and I inject exosomes every month come hell or high water.

I—

You do injects or IV? Both.

Okay.

I didn't realize you could inject some. Is that intramuscular?

You could put them anywhere you want. They're going to regenerate wherever you stick them. So, if I have an injury, I'll stick it there. If I have extra, I'll put it in my face. I've got some arthritic changes in my fingers, so I stab my fingers all the time. And otherwise, I'll just do a big dump into my vein.

That's what you get for rock climbing. Have you ever tried intranasally? Most I've ever felt out of exosomes, like head clear as a bell for 2 weeks, was I did intranasal, a full vial over the course of a day. And, I slept well. It wasn't like I was jittery, but every morning I woke up with just a head as clear as a bell.

So, yeah. So, the key to intranasal is that you just can't have a cold or have extra goo or use a vasoconstrictor because you want to just make sure the mucous membrane is nice and clear and empty. You want to get it as far back as possible so it gets to the cribriform plate and through the mucous membrane into the vasculature. So, it absolutely works, it just doesn't work for everybody because some people have sinus issues, what have you, extra goo, blah, blah, blah. But yeah, it's a—

No vasoconstrictors. So, no nicotine gum when you're doing your exosome spray.

Exactly.

What do you think about nicotine, by the way?

Oh, my gosh. So, I'm not a huge fan. I've tried it several times and I have vomited my guts out. It is damn ugly.

Yeah. I think your tolerance builds up pretty quickly, but that's usually the reaction for most people who try it for the first time or try it after not having used it for a while. So, yeah, and definitely vasoconstrictive, which can be concerning for people if they've got things like high blood pressure or erectile dysfunction for sure. You obviously have been doing a lot since our last podcast. I interviewed you about your book, The Kaufman Protocol. I think you rewrote or updated or revised it even in the past 5 years since our podcast. But, what's going on right now with the whole Kaufman Protocol website or a new book on all the pharmaceuticals with the big red warning sign on them or anything like that?

So, you're right. So, book 1 came out about 5 years ago. Book 2 came out about a year and a half ago, 2 years, and it's called Aging Solutions. And it was the next 28 over-the-counter agents with updates in terms of cellular processes. Hopefully as equally as entertaining because it has a lot of bad jokes in it.

Yeah, thanks for not sending it to me, by the way.

Geez, I promise I will mail you one. It's quite entertaining. But the idea is science, humor, information, good for everyone. I shied away from pharmaceuticals and I continue to, only that I'm really concerned that Someone's not going to understand that this stuff is really powerful. So there will be no book on pharmaceuticals. What I am going to be doing, however, starting this year, is there will be Kaufman Protocol seminars to teach physicians and honestly anyone who wants to truly understand how the protocol works and then to be able to put it into clinics or into our own private use. We are working on protocol supplements based on the 7 tenets of aging such that it's easier to target and people don't have to take, you know, 25, 30 different pills. Hopefully, it'll just be sort of what I think is important based in— or sort of built into easy building blocks for people. I've now built something called Club Exosome with Steve McCain where people can fly to Vegas quarterly and get exosome therapies.

Which is a place where you often might need exosomes.

Yeah, it's true. Well, we did it there because he's an ex-Olympic athlete and he had a lot of friends sort of that were beat-up athletes. And then, another good friend of ours is ex-Cirque du Soleil and he's a big performer and he does a lot of breathwork. He actually leads— can hold his breath underwater for 23 minutes or something ungodly.

Geez.

What's his name?

Brandon Burkow. Burkow? Yeah.

Interesting. Might be, might be a good, uh, good interview for the podcast.

He's truly remarkable. I can send you his information. Um, but anyway, so they're based out of Vegas, and we figured that people would love to come to Vegas because it's an entertaining place to be. And so we do this thing quarterly, and people fly in from around the globe, see a show, get their infusion, and then off they go. And so this coming weekend is actually, uh, yet another club meeting because it's a club. It's not an intervention. I'm no one's physician. That's just because that's the way it sort of works since it's not FDA-approved exactly or edible. So, that's an interesting ongoing thing. And then, a variety of side projects. So, lots of stuff is going on.

Yeah. Okay. Million-dollar question. The last time I interviewed you, I remember, I'm pretty sure that you said astaxanthin was your tippy-top best choice for the anti-aging supplement in your book that had the highest efficacy based on your ranking system, if I remember correctly. Would you still say astaxanthin is pretty high up there or has it been beaten out by something else?

In terms of numbers, it's been beaten out. But, in terms of how much I love it, it's still high up there. I couldn't live without it. I really couldn't.

What beat it out?

A few things. Fisetin is extremely amazing. Spermidine is up there. Ah, gosh, there's so many of them now.

Are they all still kind of listed and updated at the Kaufman Protocol website?

Yes, they are. Everything is on there. So, that's kalfinprotocol.com. There's a master chart with all the numbers. And, the other thing that we did is I had had an app once upon a time and it didn't work because I picked the wrong developers and they sort of screwed up the coding. So, what my brilliant daughter did, it's been recoded and updated. And so, for the low cost of $2.99, my algorithm, after you answer a few basic questions, will tell you what supplements you should be on.

That's what happens when you give your kids lithium, folks.

It's impressive. And now, she's in college being whatever she's being, but she spent all summer creating merch, upgrading the website, doing the app. It's just been remarkable.

Incredible. Wow, wow. Well, I'm going to link to our first podcast, which was equally as intriguing. If you're listening, go to BenGreenfieldLife.com/Pharma. I'll link to All of the weird ways to spell all of these different hacks that Sandy mentioned, proceed at your own risk, medical disclaimer. Neither Sandy or I are giving out medical advice or prescriptive advice. This is all simply for informational purposes. So, proceed at your own risk or benefit. So, Sandy, thank you so much for coming on. It's always just super interesting chatting with Oh, it's fun.

I, I can't tell you how much I enjoy this.

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It's all there.

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See you over there.

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