How to Spot Exceptional Talent Before Everyone Else

The most important skill in this industry, or perhaps in the world, is your ability to identify things before the market.

There are so many people in the world who we wanna meet who also wanna meet us, and it's just an information problem. What's more impressive to you, someone who went to Stanford or someone who is followed by Patrick Collison, Elon Musk, Marc Andreessen?

A lot of people in Silicon Valley have a pretty high bar for who they're willing to publicly endorse. A lot of what we do is finding awesome people and connecting them to our companies, otherwise kind of getting them in the a16z network.

And it allows us to really extend all that network and all that value and all that trust and really that reputation that transfers and builds over time.

There's this Naval quote I love, be so good that people do business through you. In fact, if I co-sign 2 people, they might be able to meet and otherwise build something in a way that I enabled without even having to know about it.

But it's always hard to match the needs and the skills at exactly the right time.

What we've enabled is this. We're super excited to announce CoSign, a product that is around professional reputation for the startup community and really just trying to be the most comprehensive directory of companies and people. And I want to start with a story, which is my friend David Perel told me, he said, my Twitter account is more valuable to me than my college education.

Wow.

Even though I paid a quarter million, whatever it is, I would have, my Twitter has given me more value to my career and also personally. Now we, of course, just launched our own school. So we are big fans of higher education, but I thought that story was profound because of course, Twitter has been free for so long. And this idea, what he got behind it is, of course, college is a bundle of education, network, and credential.

And social life.

Yes, yes, of course. Well, yeah, some of that is hard to recreate on Twitter, but yeah, exactly. The education, you learn from having conversations. The network, of course, you meet people, you discover people. People kind of is proof of work of like if they're interesting, if they're funny, et cetera. If they build something cool, you can discover them. But I think the credential thing is really interesting because here's a thought experiment. What's more impressive to you? Someone who went to Stanford or someone who is followed by Patrick Collison, Elon Musk, Mark Andreessen, et cetera? People would say, I think most people would say the latter. Right. And so this kind of like peer-to-peer credential. And so what that is, but, you know, implicitly, although people often also do this explicitly, is a cosign. It's an endorsement that this person is worth tracking. It's a public signal that this person is worth following. And we think there are lots of other ways to express that signal and create this kind of like reputational benefit that these people get, which is really an exhaust. of this person's not even trying to give them reputational benefit. They're just trying to read what they write. And the exhaust is this endorsement. And this endorsement, if you're followed by these people, now your doors are open. People want to also read what you say. They want to work with you. They want to invest in you. They want to have you part of their team. And also there's benefit. So there's benefit to the receiver, but there's also benefit to the giver too, because if you're the first person to discover someone, Well, it's kind of how Silicon Valley operates. Like, you're more, you know, you're going to be able to hire them quicker, you'll be able to fund them quicker. And the cool thing about Silicon Valley is you don't know who the next big person is going to be always. And sometimes they're 18 or, you know, or come from— don't come from an A-brand school. And so we're kind of all in this, you know, a little bit of a race to discover talent before anybody else. And get the more that we get, like Zach Frankel has done an amazing job, right? Of so many people have done amazing of building a reputation for discovering people. And so talent, the benefit they get is is talent thinks, oh, I can get king-made by them. Like if Josh Elman or Olivia invest in my company, that's a signal to the market. And angel investing or just investing from venture firm, that's one way to express a co-sign or a signal. But a lot of people aren't founders and a lot of people aren't investors. And so we think there are lots of other ways to express this signal.

Really curious as you've been building CoSign, like what are the kinds of endorsements you hope to get from the platform?

Yeah. So we want on every profile to have at least the 3. One is who shaped your career? Um, because we, we think this sort of like mentor, uh, economy, this is what Silicon Valley runs on. And it also just, it helps both the, you know, if I was shaped, if my, you know, if Josh Elman is my mentor, that means that he is putting, which was true actually, you know, just happens to be true. You know, I was a young person. Josh spent a bunch of time with me. And that's a signal to other people that I'm, you know, I'm worth other people spending time with too. 'Cause if you respect Josh, you respect me by association. And it's also, again, the benefit to you to discover talent early, to be known. People wanna work with you if you help them. So one has shaped my career. 2 is would work with anywhere or in the trenches with.

Yeah.

Because, you know, it's hard to tell from existing platforms, like, you know, as you were saying the other night, who are you really in the trenches with? Like, who have you really built, you know, bonds with? Who would you, you know, go to war with? Who would you, like, no matter what you're doing, you'd wanna work with them? a much more granular signal than do I follow them, which could be any number of things. And then third is person to watch. Like, who do you think is going to really be emergent, like ascended? And we rank order these too. So, you know, platform's just started, you know, most of it's fair game. But if you just, you know, in the same way, like, you know, to build a great investor profile, it takes like, you know, many years, but then you've got the credit for doing so. We think you do that around people too. So you can say, hey, I think Olivia is going to be one of the greats. I think she's a person to watch. It's actually funny. I did this experiment 7 years ago where I emailed a few hundred people. You were definitely one of them. And I asked them for their person to watch. I was just checking today. One of them was Russell Kaplan, who's now the president at Cognition. And he was like a 22-year-old just engineer at Tesla. And so there's actually signal in that too. So those are some of the ones. We're also excited for people to do it for companies too.

Yeah.

like, what are the companies that you think, right, you know, at seed, but, you know, are, you know, going to be great? Because of course, if you're able to, you can express your conviction with, uh, your, you know, money, but not everyone's an investor. This is almost like fantasy investing or social capital investing.

Yeah, I love this idea. I feel like I have long felt this, but as I have invested now for almost a decade, I believe it more and more every week, every day, every month is like the most valuable data in all of Silicon Valley is like who has conviction in who, and who can give you kind of a real read on a person for so many decisions, like who do you invest in, who do you hire, what company do you join? And there's such information asymmetry right now. Like, our job investing every day, we are pinging people saying, hey, you know, do you know anyone who worked with this person? And we do it every day, and we still, I would say, like, have to work really hard to find that signal.

Absolutely.

And so, how can someone who is maybe evaluating between 5 startup job offers, get that level of— you just can't, especially if you're like an entry-level engineer. And yet, that could be the difference between joining like a complete rocket ship and like a company that isn't doing as well. And I know the data has to be handled carefully around who says what about who, but I think it will be, and there's like a massive, massive opportunity to add so much value to people's lives and careers.

Now, talk a bit about, um, because you think a lot about talent discovery, um, talk about the newsletter you did, 'cause I think it's an interesting, incredible story.

Yeah. So, um, my twin sister Justine also works here at Andreessen on our infrastructure team. Um, we have both been in venture for basically a decade now, and at our very first venture role, we started a newsletter that we ran every Sunday for, I think, like 6 and a half or 7 years.

I was a subscriber.

Thank you so much. Um, it was basically just aggregating startup job postings. And the thesis was like, we both went to Stanford, we ran a startup incubator at Stanford, and still before we were working at a venture firm, we had no way to differentiate between all these startups and founders of like, who is legitimate, who's not, who's the most exciting. And so we were like, okay, we have some inside information now. Let's like curate a list of like the companies that we think are worth joining for young people. And it really, it built up a, real community because I think people appreciated it because you can't get that information outside of Silicon Valley. Like, we had a network of like scouts on campuses that read it, and some of those people are now founders that Andreessen has invested in. They're off running like fantastic companies and in fantastic places. So, um, that was like the less scalable version of this kind of network, and I'm excited for more people to have the ability to kind of put their name behind ideas.

And one thing I'd have is that as it gets easier and easier to start companies, as it gets noisier and noisier out there, um, it's actually getting harder for people to do what you're describing exactly. So this kind of signal is more important than ever. Um, if you think about, uh, the average student graduating out of Stanford today, they're looking at the startup market and they have to rely on the signals that are given by firms who are investing. But even before that, that are given by people like you and like hundreds of others we hope to empower here. Um, an example I love to point to on the site when people go and you've got people like Packy McCormick, who I think has always had a lot of very good signal around the deep tech and the vertical integrators in particular. And Packy's got 37 companies that he's chosen. He says, these are the companies if you want to get into one, into this space. Um, and there's, you know, many, many more behind them, self-included. Uh, so there was like, you're in a way, he's co-signing some of his reputation against that company. He's saying like, I trust this company. I'm putting my money where my mouth is. I'm writing about them. And I think that if you wanted to start your career off there, Um, so it becomes a sort of living directory of companies and of people that are worth paying attention to.

And free, uh, you know, Crunchbase, PitchBook, you know, cost money, et cetera. They're great products. They have to be businesses, but we have the luxury of being able to just really offer this for the startup community. And so we want it to be the most valuable place where people can see, you know, who invested in what, you know, what is, uh, you know, Olivia's, uh, you know, uh, set of deals that she's done. Um, you know, what is the sort of most reliable, you know, company information on like, who are the co-founders? Who are employees? What are the products they shipped? And one thing we've decided is that You know, no product can be all things to all people and there are tradeoffs and we're— this is just going to be positive. So this is going to be a place where people brag. It's going to be accurate. But, you know, so how often do you go to, you know, someone's LinkedIn and text someone and be like, hey, you're connected to someone on LinkedIn, like, can you tell me about it? And be like, I don't really know them. You know, we're going to have much more granular information to make sure that it's— there's real signal there. But that is, you know, one product decision that we've made. David, this is something that we experimented with 7 years ago and decided not to pursue because we got busy with other stuff. But I'm curious what has always struck you about this idea in terms of the need for it or, you know, what we're really trying to do here.

One thing I've always believed is the most important skill in this town or in this industry or perhaps in the world is your ability to identify things before the market. And those things, if you're an investor, it's companies. If you're a hiring manager, if you're a founder, it's people. Sometimes it's products. If you are in charge of procurement for a growing company, maybe you need to identify which product is better before the market. But there's no way of recording that. There's no hipster leaderboard that says this person found this coffee shop first. For angel investors, of course, they want to be non-consensus and right. And they're rewarded for doing so because I can invest in your pre-seed round. If I'm right, then it's lucrative for me. One of the things that's always drawn me back was the idea that I can't invest in my personal social capital in you. I am very willing to make an introduction for you. Like if I really, really believe in someone and no one else has heard of them, I can make an introduction to them. You know, Josh Elman, for example. And he will hopefully take that introduction because he sees me putting my reputation against that introduction. He has no idea who this person is, but he knows that David thinks highly enough of this person to take a chance on them. To me, the thing that stood out the first time around and the thing that we're trying to really lean on coming back is Um, like when I co-sign some, I take it seriously. I want that person to be able to take the co-sign I've given, given them and they might be able to go straight to Josh and they say, hey, David co-signed me and Josh might see that. He might reply to that cold DM. Um, and in fact, that, uh, sort of lubricates the wheels of social capital that should, you know, could empower a lot more people to achieve a lot more. Uh, there's this Naval quote I love from a long time ago. It's be so good that people do business through you. In fact, if I co-sign 2 people, they might be able to meet and otherwise build something or otherwise hire each other or invest in each other in a way that I enabled without even having to know about it, which is very exciting.

Yeah. It's really interesting. Related to that, I want to talk about more features of the product. I was talking about sort of the more granular ways of expressing reputation. One of the best events I ever went to was this SV Angel conference in like 2018. I think they do one once a year or something like that. And Every event should do this. But before I went to the event, they had this list of 150 people that they sent out and it was, you know, all of it was, you know, everybody was a, you know, baller. And they said, swipe who you want to meet, who you want to intro to. And I swiped on almost everybody. You know, it was up and coming. You remember, Josh, and eager to meet great people. And basically, if they swiped right on me, then we would get automatic intro and it would be like, you guys have full context, you know, you should chat. And I then ended up meeting with most of those people and they became like really like, so that event, of course I couldn't have met, you know, 40 people at an event and had deep conversations with them, but that event provided the context for us to, you know, become friends and collaborators. And I say that to say that there's, there are so many people in the world who we want to meet who also want to meet us.

Yeah.

And it's just an information problem. And if you can reduce the friction to make that introduction, Because right now it's like I have to DM them, but I have to think about something to say. Are they interested? I don't know. But this is just sort of passive. Like, yeah, here are people I would meet. Now what we've enabled is this privately signal that's actually a bit more granular. So it's not just I want to meet them, though there is that, but it's also I would fund them if they start a company or I would hire them if they consider leaving. I can't— there's a lot of people who I would hire, but I can't like reach out to all of them. And also it might be inappropriate and like I'm too busy. And I would only want to talk to them if they want to join me or whatever. And so having more granularity around professional intent passively, there's no low, no risk of like, because there's some cost in sending a DM. I don't know, you might feel rejected or it's time or whatever it is. And if they also express interest, then it's an introduction with high intent, I think can unlock just a lot of, you know, good stuff.

Yeah, that conference example is so interesting because I feel like the other takeaway for me is like we can all be people matchers now with a product like Toast. Like, I think about in all of our jobs, we meet so many people every day. I often meet someone, I'm like, they're awesome. They have this really specific skill set. Then I meet someone else 3 months later who's looking for that skill set, and I have to figure out, like, remember this person, check if they still want the intro, make the intro. And so, like, that store of information in somewhere that's more persistent is, and can kind of work across time, is really, really interesting.

I mean, I agree with that completely. You know, so much of what we like to do both as investors and in people around Silicon Valley is make these connections, but it's always hard to match the needs and the skills at exactly the right time. And remember that, and being able to codify this, here's the people I think are truly great designers, or here's the people I think are truly great PR people who can help you through a crisis, or here's the people that have really helped me through, you know, a career decision that I was making and are the mentors that I go to. Being able to actually endorse that now has it available so that when you're looking for that, Yeah. have to go, Josh, who can help me think through this decision? I have to go through and see who have I recently talked to, who's fresh top of mind that I can think of, but I can really go back and be able to say, hey, Josh, I'm looking through those cosigns and you said that this person really helped you in this one situation.

Yeah.

Like, do you think they'd be open to helping me? And it allows us to really extend all that network and all that value and all that trust. And yet still is a way that you're trusting me to try to make that introduction. Like, it's not that any of us wanna just say, hey, You know, everything's open to everybody. It's really still part of the trusted community and really that, that reputation that transfers and builds over time.

So building on something Eric said, the private signal, um, is one core piece of it. And I think what we're talking about here is in a way the public signal. So we've built the two of them, the private signal. Um, I mean, honestly, the product is so fun. You can go rabbit holing around. It's a bit like Wikipedia, clicking from link to link to person to profile to company to investor and back again. And as you go, you're collecting. Um, maybe it's, it's Pinterest and I'm going to put this person on my personal private list of people that I want to work with in the future. And I'm going to put this person on my public list of designers that I rate. And every time a founder comes to me and they say, David, who, I need a new designer. I need a growth guy. I need an engineer. Um, I can say, well, do I consult my private signals or do I send them my public list? And hopefully everyone has this sort of habit of, if I really believe in someone, I'm putting them on my private list. It's actually utility both ways. It's telling them that I believe in them. It's telling their network. that I believe in them. It's also something I can use. I can turn around, I can give to a founder or someone I respect. I can kind of shortcut that work that you're saying you do. You have to do it every time someone asks a question.

What's so interesting about that to me as well is like, there's this often timing discrepancy that happens in networks where I'm like, oh my gosh, you know, I know this person has been trying to get their startup off the ground. This other startup would like love to, you know, merge with them or welcome them to the team, something like if the timing is right. But if I go to that founder and I'm like, hey, you know, are you thinking about exiting your company? That's like a big risk. It could be like offensive or insulting, or maybe the company is working and they wanna keep going on it. And so, the idea of just like having this two-sided network where there's information on both sides and they can match when the time is right, when they indicate, I think is like really, really, really great on both hires, acquisitions, like job changes, tons of things. Totally.

Yeah, that's so fascinating. The company to company, I didn't even think about. Like, I would buy this company. Yeah.

We'll get the product feature shipped tomorrow.

Exactly. We just extended the roadmap.

Yeah, that happens. There are a couple of things I want to add to that. So, you know, it's interesting, you know, we thought a lot about, you know, should there be a feed? You know, if so, what is on the feed? Is it freeform, et cetera? And Josh helped us really nail down sort of the focus of the feed to be around questions and announcements. And, you know, announcement is so interesting because we think a way to differentiate there is to basically make reputation durable. A lot of reputation is built on social media, but it's ephemeral. So when Josh joined the firm, you know, he wanted me to focus on other people, but you're such a good example. A lot of people came out of the woodwork who've been working with him for a long time, but who maybe haven't publicly said anything recently because they didn't need to and said, wow, you know, I really endorse Josh. You should work with Josh. Josh helped me in my career. You know, I said that. Nikita said that, a bunch of other people said that. And then, you know, the next day just happened. And some people saw that, some people didn't see it. But that type of stuff is so valuable and should exist on someone's profile, like the first time you're looking them up. And so for us, any announcement is going to be tied to their sort of, you know, durable reputation. And so when companies fundraise, when people switch jobs, these are opportunities for cosigns, for endorsements, et cetera. And then on the question side, it's really this, You know, this is what we were talking about earlier is like, who's the best comms person for this? Or who's the best angel investor in fintech? Or, or, you know, who are people I should work with for this? Or this kind of like, um, you know, very specific, uh, you know, question of, of some sort of person or company or product you're looking to either surface to you or, or learn more about. And, um, in that way it will also build durable reputation 'cause you get added to a list through that.

No, and I, I think this idea of bringing those ephemeral moments and those ephemeral conversations that happen on Twitter and other social, or X and other social media forums all the time are like, there's so much that just happens and it's wonderful in the moment and then it gets lost. And I think this idea of building a profile, not a profile that is just what you say about yourself, but really that lets other people be positive and help shine on your strengths, I think is really, really powerful. And I see a lot of these for you and the great work you're doing here. I see a lot of these for Olivia and David. We get these comments and it's just so special and you feel so lucky to have people, you know, that you've helped in the past be able to say those things about you now. But then again, it just gets lost. And I think this idea of tracking those cosigns and really making it feel like this fundamental network of the web that we are, of Silicon Valley, of the tech industry, is really powerful.

Yeah, I'll give you an example. Do you know the meme where the guy's like walking into a party of stick figures and he's like, they don't even know that Um, but like, uh, that's something you get like a baller cosign or whatever and you're like, it's not public. Like, um, you know, Marc Andreessen wrote a blog post about me joining the firm. Like, that's pretty dope. Like, I want that on my LinkedIn. Like, I want just the first thing when you think about me is to like think about Marc Andreessen professionally. And so, yeah, there's just all these moments that happen. If we can make them more legible, uh, you know, you can more accurately represent someone's—

Honestly, it wasn't until we actually hooked up the internet firehose to this product that I realized how many of those moments there are. I mean, you look at the main feed And every day there is fundraising announcements, there's talent transitions. Uh, thanks to our good friends at X, we're, we're plugged into a lot of those and we're, we're taking like whenever someone quote tweets an announcement or, uh, replies and it's a, it's a, we, you're filtering them. It's a genuinely thoughtful, positive comment. Your point earlier about positivity. Um, those are pulled through and it's, and it's, you know, it's really coming from a person and it's on the profile of the person it comes from and it goes to a person.

Totally. And the reason why it's all positive is because, you know, products have to win on some dimension and this product is going to win on people using it to show off, like to show off in a good way. Like, hey, this is what I'm proud of. Like, this represents the, like the full manifestation of what I'm capable of on a person level and on a company level.

Yeah. And I really think it's about, it's about celebration. I mean, like so much of what we do, there's so much hard work that goes on into making every single product that happens. It's a toil of somebody's love, their idea, the coding they wrote, or maybe that they worked on with their agent now. But like, Putting that out in the world, it's a very vulnerable moment. And it's very like, do you like what I've tried to make? Do you, you know, are you going to use it? And I think, you know, we need to celebrate that effort and what goes into those moments and what goes into all the hard work that we do, as opposed to, you know, there's plenty of places for critique and we see all that all the time too. But I think that doesn't need to be recorded for posterity in the same way.

And one thing we were talking offline is interesting is a lot of, you know, there's a lot of, um, awards and a lot of shine on founders. Uh, and, you know, justifiably so, obviously. Um, and also there's a lot, you know, a lot of other people build the companies too. Um, and a lot more people are critical to those companies and they're, you know, unknown, uh, or not celebrated to the same degree. And this is an opportunity to, to do that as well. Totally.

I think even just positive signal is going to be incredibly informative because I think a lot of people in Silicon Valley have a pretty high bar for who they're willing to publicly endorse in, in any way. Like when I think about like the number of intro requests that come in and how many of those do I actually bridge? Like, I, I think it's great.

'Cause if you, yeah, if you endorse someone who's not great, that reflects poorly on you.

Exactly.

Yeah. So, there's a natural like reputation setting mechanism.

Yeah.

And there's a whole thing about, you know, do you share something that you haven't even played with? You know, there's a whole, you know, have you even read the article before you retweet it? And, and I think, I think the key is like, you'll get to know pretty quickly who's just spouting things and is, you know, celebrating everything that could be celebrated versus, you know what, I've actually played with this. I've, spent time with it. I've heard the backstory. I've thought about the backstory.

Yeah.

And I just wanna double down on one comment you said about this going beyond the founders. Like, I think, you know, the founders who take that risk to start a company from nothing, that's such an incredible thing, but it takes a village to build every one of these companies. It takes so many great designers and engineers and marketers and product managers and, you know, finance. And like, there's so many parts of every single company that have to get built. And Celebrating that work and when that happens from a specific team or a specific individual and be able to have that be part of this kind of endorsement and co-signing, I think is going to be incredibly powerful beyond just, you know, the people that we talk about most of the time.

I want to tell a story or perhaps nudge Eric to tell a story. One of the first times I actually heard of Eric and then went on to meet Eric was the RISE Awards. The RISE Awards 2015, '16, thereabouts. It's over a decade ago now. And it was around this thesis that, you know, founders get a lot of publicity, a lot of credit, but it's actually the people who are the operators behind the scenes. And so the principle, do you want to tell the story? What were the RISE Awards?

Yeah. So the RISE Awards were this series of awards meant to be for everybody else, for the engineers, the designers, the product. I believe Josh was a judge, you know, many others. And we had thousands of submissions and, you know, discovered and selected some great people because of it. And we're going to bring that back to some capacity. You know, there's this, what's the phrase? Fear not the guy who has 1,000 moves, but the guy who does one move 1,000 times. There's the samurai, or whatever.

That's it.

Kick 1,000 times. So, you know, Rise Awards, Cosign, a lot of these ideas have been in the ether for us for—

In fact, the thing that stands out is a lot of the people who were the Rise Award recipients got to know each other and built lifelong relationships through the retreats they attended, through the groups that you added them to and things. So there's something around that, the connection too.

It's, it's really interesting because Um, I feel like we often meet people who are spinning out of great companies to start their own companies. And often if you get really deep, like if you call everyone they've ever worked with, it's like, wow, this person who was like, I don't know, engineer number 4 actually was a huge determinant in this company being successful or not. But that, to your point earlier about legibility, that's not something that they can like publicize. They're not going to be like the face of every article about the company.

Yeah.

And, and yet there's like so many of these people who I think I would love to see them get to leave that company if they go start a new company, if they go to another one and carry that accomplishment with them.

Totally.

And they can't really do that right now.

We're making the reputation market more like efficient, basically more liquid in the sense of, well, both efficient and liquid. So for example, there's some people who have an amazing reputation, but there's not awareness. Not a lot of people know that they have a great reputation. And then more liquid in the sense of if it was known that they had a great reputation, a lot of people would want to hire them or fund them. and they should get those opportunities as a result. And so it's basically like trying to fix that information asymmetry. I want to return to what you were saying earlier, though, because it's really interesting. It's like a bunch of times a candidate will, or someone looking for a new job will sit you down and say, hey, what company should I join? And so, and there's a lot of people who wish they can do that. But if you've got your list of companies they should join, it's kind of the do business through you. It's like Olivia stamped these companies, they can reach out. And similarly, um, the, the, uh, and it'd be cool also, like for the ones you do meet with, um, that you could just like press a button and it would go to all your companies instead of having to, you know, think through, because there's, there's some that you might want to, you know, share private just to keep to your companies or whatever it is. Um, but then also there are companies who want to, who are like, hey, I want a head of comms. Who in my network knows a head of comms? Who should I even talk to? And to the extent that, you know, people are co-signing heads of comms or, or, or this kind of thing, it can just like facilitate much more, you know, matching.

Yeah, totally. I feel like even for investors, like the most up-to-date profile of the companies they care about is maybe if they tag them all in their X bio and maybe if they put them on their LinkedIn. Otherwise you have to go to the firm's page and see if they connect them to investments. And like, I, if, if I could and not ruin kind of the reach in the audience, I would be tweeting about all my companies all day, every day, like promoting them, Go work for them. They just did this amazing thing, but you can't do that. And I love the idea of a place where like that kind of lives to see it anytime.

Yeah.

Be shameless. Yes, it is interesting. I mean, so let's talk about existing platforms for a second. Like X, obviously, you know, such a great platform and the exhaust of it is so valuable to so many people. But there's also times where like, I'm like, man, I wish I could just download my follower growth. Like, I wish I could just like, or like, you know, a few thousand people liked this thing about joining my company. I wish I could just like see this and Why is it so difficult? Like, or it's not built for this use case of like, you know, discovering people to work for or just get more signal like, okay, you follow me, but like, you know, do you want to work for me? Do you want to invest in me? I don't know. Like, what do you want to— what do we want to do here? And so I— and then LinkedIn, you know, it's such a valuable utility. We're on it all the time and yet everyone hates it. I'm just teasing.

We love LinkedIn.

We love LinkedIn. Josh used to work there. LinkedIn, you know, one of the most iconic products of all time. Mark famously defended it. I remember when they got acquired, 'cause people were like, what, only $26 billion? It was like, you know, that's a great outcome. And it was iconic product. And yet, you know, people have frustrations with it. So I'm, well, maybe let's even before the feed, some people say the feed is cringe or whatever, but even before the feed, I feel like people were like, I wish there was just more that we could do here. So why don't you talk about that?

Yeah, look, I worked at LinkedIn back in 2004 and '05 when we were just starting to form. The network and Reid Hoffman, the founder, used to talk about it very much as like, we have 3 stages of the company. Like, first is growth. We really have to figure out how to make sure we have the largest professional network and give everybody value of just being part of their network, even if they have nothing to do. And actually, for a lot of users, sign up, make your profile, don't do anything else for a while unless something comes to you, was a perfectly good usage. Then we talked about usage. We really have to start to build products on top of the network. The real thing was the network is just the substrate. We need to go build a real job service. I helped launch the first LinkedIn Jobs. We had to go build services, find the best PR professional, find those things, and then we'll build revenue. So first we, so it was kind of the, I called it GUR, growth, usage, revenue, and we really had to figure out what those platforms and products were gonna be on top of the network. Now the challenge is, as you built the network, it was very single signal. Are we connected? And at the early days, the beauty of that was the idea that we really know each other. I'll vouch for Olivia. And if David is asking for an intro to me and Olivia says, David's really good, will you take this intro? That's great. And it was even better if you imagine this whole table, David would ask Olivia for an intro to say, hey, can you introduce me to Eric? And then Olivia would say, Josh, David's my really good friend. It looks like you know Eric. Would you be willing to pass him on? And this idea of this trusted graph, I'm so happy to connect with you and I'll pass you on to somebody else was the important condition. But over time, it started to fade from that strength of connection to like, yeah, we met once at a party, we high-fived, we had a good email exchange. And all of a sudden then, you know, everybody kind of got into a collecting. And the challenge with collecting that network is it makes it much harder to figure out where the real signal is. Now, on the other side, it still is the iconic representation of who each of us is, the professional profile. But when we think about how to use that professional profile, it's only really good if it adds value. One of the things I remember when we were first building LinkedIn Jobs was the goal was to take a current job service where someone just applies and gets a resume and then you see a job listing and go, how do we use the power of your professional network to make it better? My very favorite, like Reed would push us a lot and he'd say, what is a social resume? When a job application comes in and it wasn't just, here's who this person is, it was, here's who this person is and here's who else in your company might also know more about who the person is. Here's who else might've worked at similar companies they'd worked at in the past, or here's who knows people really well who also worked at those companies. So you wouldn't just get this flat resume, you'd get a resume annotated by who else can help you reach that person. So that was like this big change to make job applications socially enhanced. And then when you're looking at jobs, you might just see a flat job and like, ooh, that job looks really easy at that company. We said, no, we're gonna put the hiring manager on, their profile's gonna be on the job. All of a sudden, instead of a faceless, job that you're just applying and throwing your resume over the wall. Hey, you're going to get hired by this person. And then by the way, here's the ways that you might have connections to that person, or you might have connections to other people who work at that company. So it's again, how do you use your network to do those things? And so those were these like beginning epiphanies of how to really rethink just something as simple as a job application and job site with this social network. And I think again, what was been missing though, is the set of things that happens, ephemeral through X, like you were talking about, the set of things that we all have, but we don't figure out how to strengthen and put into LinkedIn anymore. The true connection, the reason that we were in the trenches together, we worked on this thing, you bailed me out of a crisis.

Yeah.

And when we can have that, that information in the network is gonna allow all these use cases to happen so much better. And when you get to focus just on kind of making sure the network's right and getting all that usage, I think Cosign can really open up so many opportunities.

Yeah, it feels like there's kind of like a hierarchy almost of connections and LinkedIn for good reason. Again, I feel like we're all saying iconic product. I'm an hourly active user making a ton of revenue. They're clearly doing fine.

They're doing great.

But LinkedIn treats almost every kind of type of connection the same, especially as products like endorsements on LinkedIn have been really taken off. So like, for example, 90% of the time when I say to someone, hey, I saw you're connected to this person on LinkedIn, can you intro me? I will get the, hmm, I don't think I know them. Maybe I met them at a party. I'm not sure. So, there's like, do you actually know the person? Did you work at the same company? Did you work at the same company at the same time? Were you on the same team or adjacent teams that work together? Did you manage them? And like, all of those are treated as one, like, connection or not connection now. And I love the idea for Cosign of being able to, like, break that into the granularity that it deserves, because it's so much more useful.

Seems like the greatest time in history to be building products generally that can accumulate context that was otherwise unavailable. You say the social CV. I love that idea. I think Olivia, in particular, you're at the firm thinking a lot about like the talent in the social space and agents are an interesting way to accumulate a lot of context around a person. Uh, I think a lot of the things that we're building here, could you talk more about that? There's, there's a lot of—

totally.

What does the future hold?

So a lot of what we do, it's both actually our investing teams and our operating teams is just finding awesome people and investing in them, connecting them to our companies, otherwise kind of getting them in the a16z network. And so right now, a lot of this is scraping these existing, you know, profiles and networks and then doing a lot of manual work of going to see who actually is the best strength of connection. How can we make this happen? I think that that kind of manual work that's truly external signal based and it's, um, kind of binary signal versus really granular signal, that's only gonna get harder because, for example, recently I posted on LinkedIn. I was like, hey, I'd love to help my portfolio companies hire. If you wanna work at a startup, fill out this Google form. When it works, it's almost harder because I get 2,000, I get 2,000 results, right?

That's incredible.

And, and that's gonna happen to every person who posts a job or who posts any kind of opportunity. And, and it's gonna be 2,000 now, and it's gonna be 10,000 You know, a month from now, as browser use agent gets better and more people use browsers, it's going to be 100,000. And so it's like, how do you, even me using Astra at like maximum strength, like how do you sift and sort? And so in an age I think of like endless, uh, kind of outreach and interest with AI, like the scarce thing is like the human endorsement or the human conviction or the human knowledge. And so. That's where I get especially excited because I think Cosign is gonna be valuable to hopefully so many people in the community and also very valuable to the work that we do and what we try to do here.

And yeah, it's interesting. You know, we've sort of gotten to a place where there's only like broadcasting networks to the whole world or like group chats with like 50 people. There's not really this like, you know, 10,000 or like a much more vetted, you know, community. And that's where we are to start and, you know, growing slowly and basically where you put out a post and you'll just be more confident in the signal that comes in. Going back to LinkedIn for a second, some things that I wish it had is like, you know, sort of like, remember like MySpace top 8? Like, I want that for business. Like, who are you in the trenches with? Who do you talk to regularly? Like, who are mutuals? How do you know them? How'd you meet them? You know, what do they think about you? There's more sort of, as you said, it treats connections all the same. And you don't really get context on the relationship or context on you know, people's reputation. It's like LinkedIn is about personal identity. We hope that Cosign is about, you know, or I'm sorry, professional identity. We hope Cosign is about professional reputation. You know, LinkedIn is about, they say it's like people you know. Twitter is like people who are interested in knowing you. And we hope that Cosign delivers both in a more granular way. And at the same time, you need to give props to LinkedIn. It's like it started 20+ years ago.

Yeah.

And no one's even come close to competing with it in any capacity. I remember Charles Hudson, you know, great investor, like, you know, 12 years ago was a blog post like, where are the LinkedIn competitors? It's time to disrupt. Like, I don't like the product for XYZ reasons. It doesn't do this. And we've seen tons of them. You know, we backed them, you know, at the firm individually. And, you know, people joined crypto, like all sorts of like different incentives to break LinkedIn. And it's just fascinating. I was joking when I said everyone hates it, but people do have like, they use it obsessively and yet they have like low NPS on it or something. And they know that a better version can exist. And yet, you know, it's been impossible to disrupt.

But I think the real thing with LinkedIn is I actually think the NPS is really high for the people who aren't actively in the flow and in the searching and in the community. LinkedIn's always served 2 audiences. One is, I call it the people who want to find people. And the other one is people who want to maybe be found at some point in their lives. And when you think about it, all of us would love to be found for the right opportunity if it comes to us. We aren't, no, not a lot of us might be. We used to talk about the mildly happily employed because there's a lot of people who they like what they're doing. They're not in any urgent need to go do something else. But if the right thing popped, whether it was from someone you know or someone you don't know, but it matched all your interests, you might be like, hmm, should I actually think about that? And I might consider it. It still might not be right for you in life at the time.

Yeah.

But for those mildly happily employed people, they aren't constantly, if they're an engineer, They're not checking LinkedIn every day for like new people or new things. If you're in sales, if you're in BD, if you're in venture and investor, you're using it all the time. But that was what was really special. And I think moving tens and tens and tens or hundreds of millions, I think they're over a billion people now, of people who are happily employed, who are maybe open to the right opportunity, like that's the kind of network effect that really sticks. And You think a lot about what is a 20-year network effect? Like, look at LinkedIn, and as you're building, and, and I say this a lot to, to new companies, as you're thinking about something new, how do you think about that kind of network effect that could be so powerful for 20 years that even if some people wish there was a better product, you can't move the masses over?

Yeah, we have looked at and invested in some attempted LinkedIn killers, and I think what they've done a remarkable job with is the switching costs are just very high. Both because they are famously good at bot detection.

That's it.

So, you can't really scrape it in real time. There's whole businesses that are built off of scraping LinkedIn and selling that data, but also because it's just such a tight and dense network that, like, ultimately, if it's something as important as your career, you're gonna wanna be on the platform where everyone else is. That being said, I think there's a massive opportunity for a new platform when there is new information or new value to be kind of gleaned or shared, which is like very much High-quality endorsements and high-conviction people.

Generational shifts, uh, and also, uh, niche, the, the hyper-niche that needs its own LinkedIn. For example, GitHub is arguably a better LinkedIn for engineers than LinkedIn itself. And I'd say, is there an opportunity to say, like, what is the emergent niche here? Is it the, um, the individual who's trying to build their reputation as a talent scout? They're trying to be a founder who wants to break through. Could this, you know, is there a world for a better LinkedIn that represents their I, yeah, they're tasting people there.

And what gets me excited about Cosign isn't that it has to even be a better LinkedIn. It's that it really pulls together all this information that's already latently happening in our industry. And look, Silicon Valley and the tech industry is so special for this kind of pay it forward, for this belief in somebody, the stuff we talked about at the very beginning, the belief in this person who may not have had a previously strong reputation, but has an insight, an idea, and that alone can gather a bunch of people and a bunch of momentum and change the world. And that's what makes this so special. And that's what I think, you know, these platforms like LinkedIn, you know, serving so many people now across so many industries and so many domains. And I think there's room for something that's really special for the community that we have and that, you know, combines the things that are happening ephemerally with the things that are happening professionally with the depth that is gonna be great. And if Cosign works great and it still only serves the tech community, that's a huge win.

Oh, 100%.

And if it then other communities and other industries figure out they should figure out how to take part in this too and bring some of that Silicon Valley energy to more places, that's even better. But the pay it forward and the every great idea can just come from somebody who wasn't previously known, but truly has a unique insight. Like that's what I hope this captures too.

Eric from Benchmark had this comment in the Patrick O'Shaughnessy podcast where Patrick was asking him sort of like, you know, what do you think about every category? And he's like, it's all going to work. Like everything is going to be huge. Not every company, but just as an index, like every category. And I think we've come to a similar conclusion. And I think similarly, like when people say like, you know, does the world need another podcast? Like there's too many podcasts and yet another great podcast comes in and it doesn't kill the other. It just all works. Everything that's great works. And similarly, like, you know, we just launched a school, like Stanford's going to be fine, you know, Harvard's going to be fine and our thing's going to be great. And then similarly, like, yeah, LinkedIn's gonna be great. Like, it's, it's gonna keep doing its thing. And, you know, we're inspired by them in so many ways. We're also inspired by AngelList, like 10 years ago when they owned the investor graph and really, really, it was for the startup community and it was really focused around, you know, companies, investors, and talent. And, you know, they made a series of other bets that then sort of, um, made them focus on other parts of that or, or, uh, deprecate the, the, the, you know, free public social network that used to exist. And we think it's an opportunity to bring back.

Yeah.

And then we're also inspired in terms of like how we're going to do this. We're also inspired by Wikipedia. One, in terms of, you know, people want Wikipedia profiles, they're aspirational, but two, in that we're creating profiles for people. So that's where we're starting. And we think people are going to be excited about it because we're bragging for them on their behalf in an exclusive way. And if they don't want it, we'll take it off. But you're going to see your profile, it's going to be fleshed out with all people giving you compliments and also people expressing their interest in funding you or working with you, or even before you go to the profile. Like, you know, before, you know, and so That's one of the ways in which we're differentiating it. And only, you know, because of AI can we generate all of this information on people and like recreate, you know, a professional graph. Um, but if we didn't go that third-party route, then we would have to get people to sign. It's a cold start problem. It's the place where people go to update their, you know, profiles. It's the most reliable. Often people say like, what's the daily behavior? Well, we're, you know, brute forcing it by, by covering every sort of, you know, transition. So we'll also have reliable profiles with, uh, you know, more reputation benefits to it.

Totally. I feel like the best, I'm curious if you agree, but for consumer products, like the easiest way to acquire users is to tell them that someone else is saying something about them on the product, especially if it's something, it's the Nikita Beer, like your friends just answered this question about you strategy, which worked so well 3 times. Um, and, and it wasn't possible before AI for, for a network, I think, as big as Silicon Valley. And now it is, which is awesome.

Someone called me today, the Nikita Beer founder community.

That's a real compliment.

That's a true compliment.

Yeah. So it's worth pointing out, um, everything that is being pulled in is coming from public sources. So it's what people have posted on their, uh, you know, a variety of different places. Um, it's been aggregated. Uh, there's a lot of like the funding announcements, they're the ones that are being announced. Um, so there's a lot of really, really high quality information that is spread across the publicly available internet and it's uniquely compiled and structured, we think, in one place. And Eric talks about the AngelList example. I recall very early in my career, AngelList was probably the first, it was like the wedge that I took into Silicon Valley at all. It was the ability to see which companies in which geographies, which people at those companies, which, you know, for a long time it felt like it could be the LinkedIn for this sort of little niche of people who were ambitious in technology. And then as Eric said, it sort of moved away from that for a number of reasons, but that's been missing. It's a place that you can go as a founder who's like, which angel investors do I want to get to know over the next 6 months before my round? It's a public utility. It's something that's worth pointing out here. You know, we, we're putting this out into the world. It's, it's like a, um, a thing we'd like to build with people. It's not something that's been presented as a fully finished, perfect product. You know, we, it's an invitation. It's an invitation to everybody who wants to come in and, you know, edit and, you know, submit a, uh, an update to their own or someone else's profile. Uh, so a real ask, like, let's build this thing together for everyone.

Yeah.

And submit things to people's profiles, co-sign the things you endorse on people. And then even if somebody has feedback, co-sign that feedback so that it gets back to David and the team in order to keep improving things.

Yeah. And so just sort of to end on that sort of higher level note, a lot of the industry, but also other industries sort of run on co-signs. And, you know, Paul Graham co-signed Sam Altman famously, I feel like 2009 or something. He said like the 5 best entrepreneurs, like Steve Jobs, you know, 3 other people and Sam Altman. And at the time, Sam Altman hadn't like had a huge exit yet, but that really just like gave him such a reputational boost, him running YC, et cetera, you know, is critical to him then building, going on to build one of the most important companies of all time. And so many, you know, Ben Horowitz and Ali from Databricks. I mean, so many examples of people who got their cosign from someone older and more senior in the industry and were able to Rise up because of it.

Ryan Hoover, who was the founder of Product Hunt, co-signed Eric and brought Eric on to become one of the leaders of building the community for everything. And it was such a great endorsement of you early in your career and your potential. I mean, look at what you've become since. It's amazing.

I'm immensely grateful for him. And, um, it's, it's so fascinating because, I mean, one of the things that makes Silicon Valley so special is how much of a meritocracy it is and how you don't have to like, you know, necessarily just, you know, pay your dues for 20 years before you're taken seriously. Like one of the most important intellectuals right now is Dwarkesh. He's 25 years old. He's never had a job as far as I'm aware. He just, you know, came to San Francisco, started podcasting, and, you know, someone was— if I don't know if it was Patrick Collison or Marc Andreessen also went on, or like a number of people by going on his podcast early cosigned him and then said, hey, this is a place where then Zuck and others can go on. You know, the one of the most important founders is Michael Truel, you know, a young guy in his, you know, mid to late 20s, etc. One of the most important, you know, people at Leopold, Ashton Brenner, is like, I think like 24 or 25 as well. And so it just like, if you're talented, if you're smart in this industry, someone will discover you, co-sign you and make your career. And so we hope that happens on our platform.

Well, we're talking about social capital and positive-sum mindsets. I think it's really important. There's a critique of this I wanted to talk about where someone might rightfully say, well, why would I share this, this co-sign? This is my alpha. This is like, I know that person's good. Like, why would I tell you they're good? And I think actually something If you take a very long-term view at this, you can say, sure, if that person's raising a pre-seed round right now and you want to do it, don't co-sign them right now. But you, the person you want to co-sign is the one that's raising a pre-seed round 2 years from now, 5 years from now. And when they do, they remember you. They say, yeah, the reason I'm able to raise this pre-seed round is Olivia co-signed me 2 years ago. And in doing so, she helped me meet my co-founder and she helped me meet the 5 people who were my early believers in my product. And that's why I'm here today. And of course, I'm going to call her first, my Pre-seed round. And if you turn it around that way and you take a very long-term mindset, like it's such a long-term—

Oh, 100%. And the benefits just accrue to you in the sense of people always remember, like by order of magnitude more, the people who believed in them first. Right. You know, Brian Chesky, when he, you know, goes public with Airbnb, who does he write in the blog post? He writes YC, you know, his first investor. He's had so much investment all throughout it, but so much more money, so much more time. into this company, but you remember the first person. So, and so if you build, if you are the first person, especially publicly, because that's where the value is, because they will remember you for it and then more people will come to you.

Yeah.

So exciting. Let's wrap on that. Thank you so much.

Thank you.