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In this concise coaching talk, Alastair Wallace highlights the cognitive constraints that hinder effective communication: adults typically have a 20‑minute attention span, can hold roughly seven items in short‑term memory, and generate about 70,000 thoughts daily. He explains the primacy‑recency effect—people remember the first and last pieces of information best—and shows how leaders can exploit this bias. Wallace offers concrete, low‑effort tactics: start meetings with a clear purpose, end them with explicit actions, deadlines, and a brief recap; write email subject lines that are meaningful and succinct; and close emails with a summary of the most important points. By deliberately structuring the beginning and ending of communications, leaders can make instructions far more memorable and reduce misunderstandings, wasted effort, and confusion.

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