k-means : méthode de partitionnement (cours 3/4)

2 Dec 2014 · 9 min
8:52

The lecture explains the K‑means partitioning algorithm as a direct clustering alternative to hierarchical agglomerative methods. It walks through the algorithm on a 2‑dimensional example with three clusters, detailing the initialization of random centroids, iterative assignment of points to the nearest centroid, recomputation of centroids, and convergence when assignments stabilize. Two inherent drawbacks are highlighted: the need to pre‑specify the number of clusters and the sensitivity of the final partition to the random initialization, which can be mitigated by multiple runs and selecting the best solution. The speaker then discusses how K‑means can be used to refine partitions obtained from hierarchical clustering, noting that while it improves the clustering criterion, it discards the hierarchical relationships. Strategies for handling large‑scale or high‑dimensional data are presented, including dimensionality reduction via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) before clustering, and a two‑stage approach where a coarse K‑means partition creates a manageable set of centroids that are then clustered hierarchically. For qualitative variables, two routes are described: transforming the data with Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to obtain quantitative coordinates, or employing appropriate similarity/dissimilarity measures such as the Jaccard index. Finally, the lecture emphasizes the benefits of combining factor analysis with clustering: noise reduction, more stable partitions, and the ability to visualise both the hierarchical tree and class memberships on factor planes, providing a richer, both continuous and discrete, interpretation of the data.

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